12 - einstein classes
... In PCl5, 3 P-Cl bonds are equitorial & 2 P-Cl bonds are axial. Axial bonds are longer due to greater repulsion from equitorial bonds and hence bond length are not equivalent and bonds become weaker and hence easily dissociated into PCl3 and Cl2 so PCl5 is quite reactive. ...
... In PCl5, 3 P-Cl bonds are equitorial & 2 P-Cl bonds are axial. Axial bonds are longer due to greater repulsion from equitorial bonds and hence bond length are not equivalent and bonds become weaker and hence easily dissociated into PCl3 and Cl2 so PCl5 is quite reactive. ...
Periodic Table and the Atom Answers
... 2) Define the term "pH"; what does" pH" stand for? Answer: The term "pH" is defined as the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration of a given solution; the concentration being expressed as moles per litre. Mathematically pH = - log [H+] 'pH' stands for: Power of hydrogen ion concentration, 'p' fo ...
... 2) Define the term "pH"; what does" pH" stand for? Answer: The term "pH" is defined as the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration of a given solution; the concentration being expressed as moles per litre. Mathematically pH = - log [H+] 'pH' stands for: Power of hydrogen ion concentration, 'p' fo ...
P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
... Most of the p-block elements are non metals. (iii) Valency and oxidation state: Elements of group – 13 and 14 show valency equal to valence electron whereas elements of group 15 to 18 show valency. (8–number of valence electrons) (iv) Inert pair effect: The reluctance of a pair of s-electron to take ...
... Most of the p-block elements are non metals. (iii) Valency and oxidation state: Elements of group – 13 and 14 show valency equal to valence electron whereas elements of group 15 to 18 show valency. (8–number of valence electrons) (iv) Inert pair effect: The reluctance of a pair of s-electron to take ...
Advanced Higher Chemistry Resource Guide
... pair/bonding pair. These different strengths of electron pair repulsion account for slight deviations from expected bond angles in molecules such as NH3 and H2O. Transition metals The d-block transition metals are metals with an incomplete d subshell in at least one of their ions. The filling of the ...
... pair/bonding pair. These different strengths of electron pair repulsion account for slight deviations from expected bond angles in molecules such as NH3 and H2O. Transition metals The d-block transition metals are metals with an incomplete d subshell in at least one of their ions. The filling of the ...
Chemistry Olympiad Support Booklet
... After reading this paragraph they should realise the importance of drawing molecules using the appropriate three dimensional representation, and the necessity of the absence of a plane of symmetry in a molecule if it is to display optical isomerism. Drawing the structure of tartaric acid clearly mig ...
... After reading this paragraph they should realise the importance of drawing molecules using the appropriate three dimensional representation, and the necessity of the absence of a plane of symmetry in a molecule if it is to display optical isomerism. Drawing the structure of tartaric acid clearly mig ...
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
... drop one on the floor, or other uncontrollable events happen so that we only make two pizzas. The actual amount of product made in a chemical reaction is called the actual yield. We can determine the efficiency of making pizzas by calculating the percentage of the maximum number of pizzas we actuall ...
... drop one on the floor, or other uncontrollable events happen so that we only make two pizzas. The actual amount of product made in a chemical reaction is called the actual yield. We can determine the efficiency of making pizzas by calculating the percentage of the maximum number of pizzas we actuall ...
Chapter 4 Lecture Notes in PowerPoint
... drop one on the floor, or other uncontrollable events happen so that we only make two pizzas. The actual amount of product made in a chemical reaction is called the actual yield. We can determine the efficiency of making pizzas by calculating the percentage of the maximum number of pizzas we actuall ...
... drop one on the floor, or other uncontrollable events happen so that we only make two pizzas. The actual amount of product made in a chemical reaction is called the actual yield. We can determine the efficiency of making pizzas by calculating the percentage of the maximum number of pizzas we actuall ...
formula writing and nomenclature of inorganic - Parkway C-2
... +1, while each chlorine atom has gained one electron and is assigned an oxidation number of -1. The two ions are held together as a result of their opposite charges in what is called an ionic bond. As a second example, consider the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O In th ...
... +1, while each chlorine atom has gained one electron and is assigned an oxidation number of -1. The two ions are held together as a result of their opposite charges in what is called an ionic bond. As a second example, consider the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O In th ...
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS - einstein classes
... An alternative test is to make the ester methyl borate B(OCH3)3. The suspected borate sample is mixed with concentrated H2SO4 to form H3BO3, and warmed with methyl alcohol in a small evaporating basin. B(OH)3 + 3CH3OH B(OCH3)3 + 3H2O The concentrated H2SO4 removes the water formed. The mixture is ...
... An alternative test is to make the ester methyl borate B(OCH3)3. The suspected borate sample is mixed with concentrated H2SO4 to form H3BO3, and warmed with methyl alcohol in a small evaporating basin. B(OH)3 + 3CH3OH B(OCH3)3 + 3H2O The concentrated H2SO4 removes the water formed. The mixture is ...
Theoretical problems - Scheikundeolympiade
... breath takes around 5 seconds. Estimate the number of collisions with the surface of the lungs during a single breath on a typical British summer day. You should assume that the pressure in the lungs remains constant at atmospheric pressure; this is a reasonable approximation, as the pressure in the ...
... breath takes around 5 seconds. Estimate the number of collisions with the surface of the lungs during a single breath on a typical British summer day. You should assume that the pressure in the lungs remains constant at atmospheric pressure; this is a reasonable approximation, as the pressure in the ...
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ANALYSIS OF THE SILVER GROUP CATIONS
... may be possible to test for one particular ion in the presence of just one or two others. Alternatively, each subgroup of just a few ions may be separated further so that each ion in the subgroup ends up in a different test tube where its presence can be confirmed by other chemical tests. The chemic ...
... may be possible to test for one particular ion in the presence of just one or two others. Alternatively, each subgroup of just a few ions may be separated further so that each ion in the subgroup ends up in a different test tube where its presence can be confirmed by other chemical tests. The chemic ...
stoichiometry - einstein classes
... If the number of equivalence of both the reactants are different then reactant with the lesser number of equivalence will be the limiting reagent. Application of equivalent concept : It is used in acid base titration, back titration and double titration, similarly in redox titration. Equivalent conc ...
... If the number of equivalence of both the reactants are different then reactant with the lesser number of equivalence will be the limiting reagent. Application of equivalent concept : It is used in acid base titration, back titration and double titration, similarly in redox titration. Equivalent conc ...
3: Haloalkanes, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
... The general formulas R-X, R-OH, and R-NH2 suggest two different ways to view these classes of compounds. One way is for us to imagine that an alkyl group R replaces H in HNH2 (ammonia), H-OH (water), and the hydrogen halides H-X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I). We can also view haloalkanes (R-X), alcohols (R- ...
... The general formulas R-X, R-OH, and R-NH2 suggest two different ways to view these classes of compounds. One way is for us to imagine that an alkyl group R replaces H in HNH2 (ammonia), H-OH (water), and the hydrogen halides H-X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I). We can also view haloalkanes (R-X), alcohols (R- ...
Chapter 4 Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 4.1
... When mixed, a double displacement reaction takes place, forming the soluble compound NaNO3 and the insoluble compound AgCl. In the reaction vessel the Ag+ and Cl ions combine, and a white solid precipitates from the solution. As the solid precipitates, the Na+ and NO3 ions remain in solution. The ...
... When mixed, a double displacement reaction takes place, forming the soluble compound NaNO3 and the insoluble compound AgCl. In the reaction vessel the Ag+ and Cl ions combine, and a white solid precipitates from the solution. As the solid precipitates, the Na+ and NO3 ions remain in solution. The ...
5073 Chemistry (SPA)
... Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each element was made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At that time, there were about 35 known elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. Differences between atoms give eleme ...
... Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each element was made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At that time, there were about 35 known elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. Differences between atoms give eleme ...
chemistry sp.indd
... syllabus that will be examined in 2010, 2011 and 2012. The purpose of these materials is to provide Centres with a reasonable idea of the general shape and character of the planned question papers in advance of the first operational examination. If there are any changes to the syllabus CIE will writ ...
... syllabus that will be examined in 2010, 2011 and 2012. The purpose of these materials is to provide Centres with a reasonable idea of the general shape and character of the planned question papers in advance of the first operational examination. If there are any changes to the syllabus CIE will writ ...
Chemistry English
... atoms joined by a chemical bond is between 70 pm and 300pm. The energy needed to break a chemical bond between two atoms is called the bond energy. Chemical compounds are conveniently divided into two broad classes, called ionic compounds and covalent compounds. 4.2 Types of Compounds Compounds can ...
... atoms joined by a chemical bond is between 70 pm and 300pm. The energy needed to break a chemical bond between two atoms is called the bond energy. Chemical compounds are conveniently divided into two broad classes, called ionic compounds and covalent compounds. 4.2 Types of Compounds Compounds can ...
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen
... The student then adds a small crystal of KI(s) to the test tube. The test tube is corked and inverted several times. The I- ion reacts with I2 to form the I3- ion, a linear species. ...
... The student then adds a small crystal of KI(s) to the test tube. The test tube is corked and inverted several times. The I- ion reacts with I2 to form the I3- ion, a linear species. ...
3: Haloalkanes, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
... is in the first row of the periodic table. As a result, it forms only one chemical bond and has no unshared electrons (Figure [graphic 3.3]). Chemical Reactivity of Unshared Electron Pairs. Unshared electron pairs are chemically reactive and can participate in chemical bond formation. For example, w ...
... is in the first row of the periodic table. As a result, it forms only one chemical bond and has no unshared electrons (Figure [graphic 3.3]). Chemical Reactivity of Unshared Electron Pairs. Unshared electron pairs are chemically reactive and can participate in chemical bond formation. For example, w ...
Lab Manual Yr 1 organic
... existence of elements other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Elements such as nitrogen, sulphur, iodine, chlorine and bromine in organic compounds can easily be detected by means of straightforward chemical tests. J.L. Lassaigne has developed a method used for the quantitative determination of elem ...
... existence of elements other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Elements such as nitrogen, sulphur, iodine, chlorine and bromine in organic compounds can easily be detected by means of straightforward chemical tests. J.L. Lassaigne has developed a method used for the quantitative determination of elem ...
5073 Chemistry IGCSE ordinary level for 2016
... Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each element was made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At that time, there were about 35 known elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. Differences between atoms give eleme ...
... Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each element was made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At that time, there were about 35 known elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. Differences between atoms give eleme ...
1)A neutral atom has no overall charge, and ion is a
... b)These are the smallest atoms on each of their respective rows, and electrons are being removed from filled orbitals, which have strong stability, which takes a lot of energy to do. c)The valence electrons experience a smaller nuclear force of attraction due to i)the increased distance of the elect ...
... b)These are the smallest atoms on each of their respective rows, and electrons are being removed from filled orbitals, which have strong stability, which takes a lot of energy to do. c)The valence electrons experience a smaller nuclear force of attraction due to i)the increased distance of the elect ...
Acid
An acid (from the Latin acidus/acēre meaning sour) is a chemical substance whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. Aqueous solutions of acids have a pH of less than 7. Non-aqueous acids are usually formed when an anion (negative ion) reacts with one or more positively charged hydrogen cations. A lower pH means a higher acidity, and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic.There are three common definitions for acids: the Arrhenius definition, the Brønsted-Lowry definition, and the Lewis definition. The Arrhenius definition defines acids as substances which increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), or more accurately, hydronium ions (H3O+), when dissolved in water. The Brønsted-Lowry definition is an expansion: an acid is a substance which can act as a proton donor. By this definition, any compound which can easily be deprotonated can be considered an acid. Examples include alcohols and amines which contain O-H or N-H fragments. A Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. Examples of Lewis acids include all metal cations, and electron-deficient molecules such as boron trifluoride and aluminium trichloride.Common examples of acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and tartaric acid (a solid used in baking). As these examples show, acids can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from solids, liquids, or gases. Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid.