pGLO ™ Transformation
... Transformation Procedure • Suspend bacterial colonies in Transformation solution • Add pGLO plasmid DNA • Place tubes in ice • Heat-shock at 42°C and place on ice • Incubate with nutrient broth • Streak plates ...
... Transformation Procedure • Suspend bacterial colonies in Transformation solution • Add pGLO plasmid DNA • Place tubes in ice • Heat-shock at 42°C and place on ice • Incubate with nutrient broth • Streak plates ...
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
... Translation The process of forming peptide bonds between amino acids in a sequence defined by mRNA is called translation. Involves: (i) charging of the tRNA with the specific amino acids and (ii) synthesis of polypeptide chain by the ribosomes. ...
... Translation The process of forming peptide bonds between amino acids in a sequence defined by mRNA is called translation. Involves: (i) charging of the tRNA with the specific amino acids and (ii) synthesis of polypeptide chain by the ribosomes. ...
Definitions of the Gene - MCCC Faculty & Staff Web Pages
... Mutations on the same Gene • Following looking at Figure 15.11: • If apricot and white were on different genes, the eyes would be red • Why? Because the wild-type allele in each case would be dominant over the mutant allele, so they eyes would be wild-type color (red), but they are not. ...
... Mutations on the same Gene • Following looking at Figure 15.11: • If apricot and white were on different genes, the eyes would be red • Why? Because the wild-type allele in each case would be dominant over the mutant allele, so they eyes would be wild-type color (red), but they are not. ...
Satellite Workshop: Information Processing in the Biological
... Understanding how the parts work is also important. But it is not enough. We need to know how they work together. This is the systems approach. Thanks to Gustavo Stolovitzky ...
... Understanding how the parts work is also important. But it is not enough. We need to know how they work together. This is the systems approach. Thanks to Gustavo Stolovitzky ...
Bis2A 9.0 Introduction to Gene Regulation
... Prokaryotic cells alter the transcription rate to turn genes on or o. This method will increase or decrease protein levels in response to what is needed by the cell. Eukaryotic cells change the accessibility (epigenetic), transcription, or translation of a gene. This will alter the amount of RNA an ...
... Prokaryotic cells alter the transcription rate to turn genes on or o. This method will increase or decrease protein levels in response to what is needed by the cell. Eukaryotic cells change the accessibility (epigenetic), transcription, or translation of a gene. This will alter the amount of RNA an ...
7.2.7 Describe the promoter as an example of non
... • Some proteins are always needed by an organism and so they are constantly being produced… • Other proteins are only needed at certain times or in limited amounts so their production must be controlled… • Gene expression is regulated by environmental factors • Proteins bind to Enhancer sequences to ...
... • Some proteins are always needed by an organism and so they are constantly being produced… • Other proteins are only needed at certain times or in limited amounts so their production must be controlled… • Gene expression is regulated by environmental factors • Proteins bind to Enhancer sequences to ...
Viruses (4)
... • Viruses do not fit our definition of living organisms • Since viruses can replicate only within cells, they probably evolved as bits of cellular nucleic acid • Candidates for the source of viral genomes are plasmids, circular DNA in bacteria and yeasts, and transposons, small mobile DNA segments • ...
... • Viruses do not fit our definition of living organisms • Since viruses can replicate only within cells, they probably evolved as bits of cellular nucleic acid • Candidates for the source of viral genomes are plasmids, circular DNA in bacteria and yeasts, and transposons, small mobile DNA segments • ...
Computational Biology Lecture #1: Introduction
... RNA, Genes and Promoters • A specific region of DNA that determines the synthesis of proteins (through the transcription and translation) is called a gene – Originally, a gene meant something more abstract---a unit of hereditary inheritance. – Now a gene has been given a physical molecular ...
... RNA, Genes and Promoters • A specific region of DNA that determines the synthesis of proteins (through the transcription and translation) is called a gene – Originally, a gene meant something more abstract---a unit of hereditary inheritance. – Now a gene has been given a physical molecular ...
Regulation of Gene Expression
... transcription factors that act in tandem. Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences and/or other regulatory proteins. Some of these transcription factors are activators (increase expression), while others are repressors (decrease expression). The combination of transcription factors b ...
... transcription factors that act in tandem. Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences and/or other regulatory proteins. Some of these transcription factors are activators (increase expression), while others are repressors (decrease expression). The combination of transcription factors b ...
A single mutation in the core domain of the lac repressor reduces
... Background: The lac operon provides cells with the ability to switch from glucose to lactose metabolism precisely when necessary. This metabolic switch is mediated by the lac repressor (LacI), which in the absence of lactose binds to the operator DNA sequence to inhibit transcription. Allosteric rea ...
... Background: The lac operon provides cells with the ability to switch from glucose to lactose metabolism precisely when necessary. This metabolic switch is mediated by the lac repressor (LacI), which in the absence of lactose binds to the operator DNA sequence to inhibit transcription. Allosteric rea ...
Southern Blot
... inducer. Write + if the enzyme is produced and __ if the enzyme is not produced. B-galactosidase No Lactose lactose a. b. c. d. e. ...
... inducer. Write + if the enzyme is produced and __ if the enzyme is not produced. B-galactosidase No Lactose lactose a. b. c. d. e. ...
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
... the 1970s and 1980s, and the major breakthrough it was is not yet fully recognized. There are various, indeed opposite, reasons for this oversight. The success that immediately greeted the operon model, and its use to explain every biological phenomenon – including cell differentiation (Waddington 1 ...
... the 1970s and 1980s, and the major breakthrough it was is not yet fully recognized. There are various, indeed opposite, reasons for this oversight. The success that immediately greeted the operon model, and its use to explain every biological phenomenon – including cell differentiation (Waddington 1 ...
Southern Blot
... inducer. Write + if the enzyme is produced and __ if the enzyme is not produced. B-galactosidase No Lactose lactose a. b. c. d. e. ...
... inducer. Write + if the enzyme is produced and __ if the enzyme is not produced. B-galactosidase No Lactose lactose a. b. c. d. e. ...
Southern Blot
... inducer. Write + if the enzyme is produced and __ if the enzyme is not produced. B-galactosidase No Lactose lactose a. b. c. d. e. ...
... inducer. Write + if the enzyme is produced and __ if the enzyme is not produced. B-galactosidase No Lactose lactose a. b. c. d. e. ...
03-131 Genes Drugs and Diseases Problem Set 7 Due November 1, 2015
... 3. (5 pts) A genetic mutation changes the aminoacyl tRNA synthase that normally adds the aminoacid Phe to tRNAPhe (tRNAPhe is the tRNA that normally brings the amino acid phenylalanine to the ribosome). The mutation causes the enzyme to also add Phe to a tRNA that has the sequence 3’-CCA-5’ as its a ...
... 3. (5 pts) A genetic mutation changes the aminoacyl tRNA synthase that normally adds the aminoacid Phe to tRNAPhe (tRNAPhe is the tRNA that normally brings the amino acid phenylalanine to the ribosome). The mutation causes the enzyme to also add Phe to a tRNA that has the sequence 3’-CCA-5’ as its a ...
Division 4.qxd
... he PaJaMo paper—as it came to be called in abbreviation of the authors’ names—represents the culmination of a series of findings made at the Institut Pasteur that progressively illuminated how the expression of genes could be controlled. Monod and coworkers had shown that induced proteins such as β- ...
... he PaJaMo paper—as it came to be called in abbreviation of the authors’ names—represents the culmination of a series of findings made at the Institut Pasteur that progressively illuminated how the expression of genes could be controlled. Monod and coworkers had shown that induced proteins such as β- ...
1st exam
... Section c > Answer all of the following questions 1)List the seven major organs of the GIT. 2) What does saliva consist of? C 3)Write the overall equation of the glycolysis to lactate. 4)Give three examples of each of the following: a) Monosaccharides ...
... Section c > Answer all of the following questions 1)List the seven major organs of the GIT. 2) What does saliva consist of? C 3)Write the overall equation of the glycolysis to lactate. 4)Give three examples of each of the following: a) Monosaccharides ...
MOPAC: Motif-finding by Preprocessing and Agglomerative
... 3. Define control set (genes with no change) 4. Make a list of all 12-mers in upstream regions 5. Find motifs that occur (more than once) in upregulated set, but not at all in control set 6. Group the motifs using clustering, form consensus of patterns ...
... 3. Define control set (genes with no change) 4. Make a list of all 12-mers in upstream regions 5. Find motifs that occur (more than once) in upregulated set, but not at all in control set 6. Group the motifs using clustering, form consensus of patterns ...
Transcription in Prokaryotes
... lac repressor and causes an allosteric change resulting in loss of DNA binding activity. Glucose lowers the levels of cAMP, which is an allosteric effector of CAP. CAP does not interact with its binding site and the polymerase is recruited with low affinity leading to low levels of transcription. ...
... lac repressor and causes an allosteric change resulting in loss of DNA binding activity. Glucose lowers the levels of cAMP, which is an allosteric effector of CAP. CAP does not interact with its binding site and the polymerase is recruited with low affinity leading to low levels of transcription. ...
How Genes Are Regulated
... except in rare cases. Thus very little of the protein products of the three genes is made. When lactose is present, an end product of lactose metabolism binds to the repressor protein and prevents it from binding to the operator. This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and freely transcri ...
... except in rare cases. Thus very little of the protein products of the three genes is made. When lactose is present, an end product of lactose metabolism binds to the repressor protein and prevents it from binding to the operator. This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and freely transcri ...
BI0I 121 cell and tissues
... repressor, activator, structural gene; Explain how substrate availability regulates transcription of genes of catabolic enzymes and product accumulation regulates transcription of genes of anabolic enzymes Diferentiate between positive and negative regulation and between regulation by induction and ...
... repressor, activator, structural gene; Explain how substrate availability regulates transcription of genes of catabolic enzymes and product accumulation regulates transcription of genes of anabolic enzymes Diferentiate between positive and negative regulation and between regulation by induction and ...
BiochemLecture03
... How we understand how genes work • Jacob and Monod defined the lac operon • Brenner and others determined that an unstable RNA molecule (messanger RNA) was the intermediary between DNA and protein. ...
... How we understand how genes work • Jacob and Monod defined the lac operon • Brenner and others determined that an unstable RNA molecule (messanger RNA) was the intermediary between DNA and protein. ...
Document
... 2. DNA methylation: add –CH3 groups to DNA, often shuts genes off 3. Control elements before the coded DNA that regulate transcription = transcription factors 4. Splicing of RNA by spliceosomes 5. Non-coding RNAs: siRNAs (small interfering RNA), miRNAs (micro RNA) degrade transcripts or block ...
... 2. DNA methylation: add –CH3 groups to DNA, often shuts genes off 3. Control elements before the coded DNA that regulate transcription = transcription factors 4. Splicing of RNA by spliceosomes 5. Non-coding RNAs: siRNAs (small interfering RNA), miRNAs (micro RNA) degrade transcripts or block ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.