Gen660_Lecture12B_NetworkEvo_2014
... How do regulatory networks evolve? Module = group of genes co-regulated by the same regulatory system * Evolution of individual gene targets Gain or loss of genes from a module * Evolution of activating signals Change in responsiveness but not regulators * Wholesale evolution of the entire module Tr ...
... How do regulatory networks evolve? Module = group of genes co-regulated by the same regulatory system * Evolution of individual gene targets Gain or loss of genes from a module * Evolution of activating signals Change in responsiveness but not regulators * Wholesale evolution of the entire module Tr ...
(a) Name the monosaccharides of which the
... By what mechanism would amino acids leave the epithelial cell at point Z? ...
... By what mechanism would amino acids leave the epithelial cell at point Z? ...
See these math fitness and selection concepts explained nicely in a
... normally broken down by an enzyme called lactase, which is produced by cells in the lining of the small intestine. Congenital lactase deficiency, also called congenital alactasia, is a disorder in which infants are unable to break down lactose in breast milk or formula. This form of lactose intolera ...
... normally broken down by an enzyme called lactase, which is produced by cells in the lining of the small intestine. Congenital lactase deficiency, also called congenital alactasia, is a disorder in which infants are unable to break down lactose in breast milk or formula. This form of lactose intolera ...
Bio-Ontologies in the context of the BOOTStrep project
... Characteristics of the Gene Regulation Ontology (GRO, V 0.1) ...
... Characteristics of the Gene Regulation Ontology (GRO, V 0.1) ...
the art and design of genetic screens
... The origins of bacterial genetics derive from the insight of Beadle and Tatum1 that the biochemical defects that are seen in complex organisms, such as man and flies, can also be studied in microorganisms. Their initial attempts to isolate biochemical mutants in Neurospora crassa were rapidly supers ...
... The origins of bacterial genetics derive from the insight of Beadle and Tatum1 that the biochemical defects that are seen in complex organisms, such as man and flies, can also be studied in microorganisms. Their initial attempts to isolate biochemical mutants in Neurospora crassa were rapidly supers ...
Biomolecules
... The membrane of cells is embedded with proteins that serve a variety of functions Proteins can also be Hormones ...
... The membrane of cells is embedded with proteins that serve a variety of functions Proteins can also be Hormones ...
Chapter 3 Review Questions
... _______5 carbon sugar____________ and ____nitrogenous base__________. 26. Carbon can bond with so many other things because it has ____4____ valence electrons. 27. Draw an amino acid and label the three main parts that comprise the amino acid. ...
... _______5 carbon sugar____________ and ____nitrogenous base__________. 26. Carbon can bond with so many other things because it has ____4____ valence electrons. 27. Draw an amino acid and label the three main parts that comprise the amino acid. ...
Protein Synthesis Notes
... Gene mutations: a change in the sequence of nucleotides within a gene. When do mutations occur? - most often during DNA replication. ...
... Gene mutations: a change in the sequence of nucleotides within a gene. When do mutations occur? - most often during DNA replication. ...
topic 5 : expression of biological information
... 20. Which statement about Escherichia coli which has regulatory gene that has undergone mutation is true? A. Only β-galactosidase is produced. B. Repressor produced binds with operator gene. C. RNA polymerase is unable to bind with promoter gene. D. E. coli produces β-galactosidase, permease and tra ...
... 20. Which statement about Escherichia coli which has regulatory gene that has undergone mutation is true? A. Only β-galactosidase is produced. B. Repressor produced binds with operator gene. C. RNA polymerase is unable to bind with promoter gene. D. E. coli produces β-galactosidase, permease and tra ...
Two Models of Catabolite Repression Signal Transduction
... In the glycolytic flux model, movement of glucose through the glucose transporter is not essential for catabolite repression. Instead, what is important in the flux of carbon through glycolysis (Fig 2.) Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that catabolizes glucose to pyruvate. When glucose is being a ...
... In the glycolytic flux model, movement of glucose through the glucose transporter is not essential for catabolite repression. Instead, what is important in the flux of carbon through glycolysis (Fig 2.) Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that catabolizes glucose to pyruvate. When glucose is being a ...
Chapter 28 Regulation of Gene Expression
... E coli can synthesize all 20 AA’s enzyme for synthesis of a given AA usually clustered into an operon operon expressed only when external supplies of that AA are inadequate tryptophan operon is a good example (figure 28-18) 5 proteins need to make tryptophan Some proteins do more than 1 reaction mRN ...
... E coli can synthesize all 20 AA’s enzyme for synthesis of a given AA usually clustered into an operon operon expressed only when external supplies of that AA are inadequate tryptophan operon is a good example (figure 28-18) 5 proteins need to make tryptophan Some proteins do more than 1 reaction mRN ...
GO : the Gene Ontology
... • Different names for the same concept • Vast amounts of biological data from different sources Cross-species or cross-database comparison is difficult ...
... • Different names for the same concept • Vast amounts of biological data from different sources Cross-species or cross-database comparison is difficult ...
"Selected Topics from Classical Bacterial Genetics". In: Current
... nonsense suppressors. In a strain that contains an efficient or a “strong” suppressor, suppression might occur 50% of the time an amber codon is encountered. The mechanism of nonsense suppression is a simple one: the cell contains a mutant species of tRNA in which the anticodon loop has mutated so t ...
... nonsense suppressors. In a strain that contains an efficient or a “strong” suppressor, suppression might occur 50% of the time an amber codon is encountered. The mechanism of nonsense suppression is a simple one: the cell contains a mutant species of tRNA in which the anticodon loop has mutated so t ...
Energy Production II - University of Massachusetts Amherst
... Acetyl CoA is the common entry point of all 3 energy sources into the TCA cycle (oxidative ...
... Acetyl CoA is the common entry point of all 3 energy sources into the TCA cycle (oxidative ...
Quiz 2
... targeted gene insertion. A heterozygous mutant mouse obtained through this procedure produces a litter that segregates for mice that are severely deformed. This information indicates that you have been successful in disrupting the gene of interest. Do you expect the mutant gene to be larger or small ...
... targeted gene insertion. A heterozygous mutant mouse obtained through this procedure produces a litter that segregates for mice that are severely deformed. This information indicates that you have been successful in disrupting the gene of interest. Do you expect the mutant gene to be larger or small ...
klebsiella spp.
... • From the clinical isolates two types Klebsiella spp. are important : K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca • K. pneumoniae is subdivided into subspecies: K. pneumonia pneumoniae, K. rhinoscleromatis, K. ozanae. Characteristics: • Genus Klebsieallae consists of gram negative bacilli, non motile, capsulated ...
... • From the clinical isolates two types Klebsiella spp. are important : K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca • K. pneumoniae is subdivided into subspecies: K. pneumonia pneumoniae, K. rhinoscleromatis, K. ozanae. Characteristics: • Genus Klebsieallae consists of gram negative bacilli, non motile, capsulated ...
Food Industry
... flavourings. Yeasts have a useful property known as autolysis. This is a process that results in the yeast producing enzymes that degrade itself, thus releasing particular flavours. Example: peptidase production and subsequent protein hydrolysis will create “beef flavour” ...
... flavourings. Yeasts have a useful property known as autolysis. This is a process that results in the yeast producing enzymes that degrade itself, thus releasing particular flavours. Example: peptidase production and subsequent protein hydrolysis will create “beef flavour” ...
Initial Stages in Creating a lacI Knockout in Escherichia coli C29
... the genome of the C29 cells, for only under an endogenous promoter would expression of the kanamycin gene be observed. Supporting this observation is the activation of β-galactosidase (β-gal) in the absence of IPTG, for the cells expressed a blue phenotype when grown in LB/X-gal solid media. The blu ...
... the genome of the C29 cells, for only under an endogenous promoter would expression of the kanamycin gene be observed. Supporting this observation is the activation of β-galactosidase (β-gal) in the absence of IPTG, for the cells expressed a blue phenotype when grown in LB/X-gal solid media. The blu ...
Macromolecule
... AP Biology Notes Macromolecule Biological macromolecules: Organic molecules that weigh more than 100,000 Dalton's. (1 Dalton 1.66 x 10 26 g) Four main macromolecules: These macromolecules are constructed of smaller units called polymers. These polymers are subdivided into their basic units ...
... AP Biology Notes Macromolecule Biological macromolecules: Organic molecules that weigh more than 100,000 Dalton's. (1 Dalton 1.66 x 10 26 g) Four main macromolecules: These macromolecules are constructed of smaller units called polymers. These polymers are subdivided into their basic units ...
Reporter genes
... •Secreted outside the cell (can assay sample repeatedly and non-destructively by sampling culture medium) •This protein is quantified directly by measuring the enzyme activity in the supernatant of the culture ...
... •Secreted outside the cell (can assay sample repeatedly and non-destructively by sampling culture medium) •This protein is quantified directly by measuring the enzyme activity in the supernatant of the culture ...
Bacterial Transformation of pGLO
... regulated genes. For example, the sugar arabinose is both a source of energy and a source of carbon. • E. coli bacteria produce three enzymes (proteins) needed to digest arabinose as a food source. The genes which code for these enzymes are not expressed when arabinose is absent, but they are expres ...
... regulated genes. For example, the sugar arabinose is both a source of energy and a source of carbon. • E. coli bacteria produce three enzymes (proteins) needed to digest arabinose as a food source. The genes which code for these enzymes are not expressed when arabinose is absent, but they are expres ...
分子生物学（Molecular Biology） CAI教程
... The common nucleic acid language The common protein language ★ The central dogma of genetic expression is the same DNA RNA ...
... The common nucleic acid language The common protein language ★ The central dogma of genetic expression is the same DNA RNA ...
Kein Folientitel
... DNA, the artificial substrate X-gal cannot be digested and the blue colour of the digestion product is not produced - recombinant E. coli colonies grow white. The second advantage of pUC vectors lies in expansion and clustering of the restriction sites just downstream from the initiating ATG of the ...
... DNA, the artificial substrate X-gal cannot be digested and the blue colour of the digestion product is not produced - recombinant E. coli colonies grow white. The second advantage of pUC vectors lies in expansion and clustering of the restriction sites just downstream from the initiating ATG of the ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.