Plasma waves above the ion cyclotron frequency in the solar wind: a
... almost Maxwellian, but also of a halo (representing electrons of higher energy) which strongly departs from a thermal distribution function. In some specific environments (high speed solar wind, far from magnetic sector boundaries), a third component appears: called a “strahl”, it represents an enha ...
... almost Maxwellian, but also of a halo (representing electrons of higher energy) which strongly departs from a thermal distribution function. In some specific environments (high speed solar wind, far from magnetic sector boundaries), a third component appears: called a “strahl”, it represents an enha ...
THE SUN AND THE MOON
... is the deepest layer of the Sun that we can observe directly and extends from the visible surface (6,500 K) to ~400 km (4,000 K) above the surface. The chromosphere extends from ~400 km (4,000 K) to ~2,100 km (8,000 K) above the solar surface to its contact with the outermost layer of the Sun, the c ...
... is the deepest layer of the Sun that we can observe directly and extends from the visible surface (6,500 K) to ~400 km (4,000 K) above the surface. The chromosphere extends from ~400 km (4,000 K) to ~2,100 km (8,000 K) above the solar surface to its contact with the outermost layer of the Sun, the c ...
Spectral-Type Trends: Absorption
... One possible explanation for this trend is that we are seeing the effects of absorption on the spectra. Since the stellar winds have higher opacity at longer wavelengths, the light at longer wavelengths is preferentially absorbed. This effect will be greater in stars with dense stellar winds, and so ...
... One possible explanation for this trend is that we are seeing the effects of absorption on the spectra. Since the stellar winds have higher opacity at longer wavelengths, the light at longer wavelengths is preferentially absorbed. This effect will be greater in stars with dense stellar winds, and so ...
AMNH_colloquium_2May07_v7b
... -> normal O supergiant X-rays are understood in terms of the wind-shock scenario…but mass-loss rates must be lower than has been assumed ...
... -> normal O supergiant X-rays are understood in terms of the wind-shock scenario…but mass-loss rates must be lower than has been assumed ...
Dissipation and heating in solar wind turbulence: from the macro to
... cascade’ [5]. In this well-known paradigm, energy from large-scale fluctuations cascades through smaller and smaller scales until being dissipated into heat at very small scales. In neutral fluids, such as fast flowing water in a river or pipe, this dissipation is provided by microscopic collisions ...
... cascade’ [5]. In this well-known paradigm, energy from large-scale fluctuations cascades through smaller and smaller scales until being dissipated into heat at very small scales. In neutral fluids, such as fast flowing water in a river or pipe, this dissipation is provided by microscopic collisions ...
Your web browser (Safari 7) - National Geographic Society
... height and width, and last anywhere from a few days to a few months. Solar prominences are cooler than the corona, and they appear as darker strands against the sun. For this reason, they are also known as filaments. Photosphere: Solar Cycle The sun does not constantly emit sunspots and solar ejec ...
... height and width, and last anywhere from a few days to a few months. Solar prominences are cooler than the corona, and they appear as darker strands against the sun. For this reason, they are also known as filaments. Photosphere: Solar Cycle The sun does not constantly emit sunspots and solar ejec ...
Solar system - Youngstown City Schools Home
... you a virtual tour of our galactic neighborhood! You’ll find out how long ago the solar system took its first baby steps, as well as the process by which the sun and planets actually formed. Find out about the two different categories of planet in our solar system, and meet each of the individual pl ...
... you a virtual tour of our galactic neighborhood! You’ll find out how long ago the solar system took its first baby steps, as well as the process by which the sun and planets actually formed. Find out about the two different categories of planet in our solar system, and meet each of the individual pl ...
The Solar Wind Power from Magnetic Flux
... Observations of polar coronal hole flows from Ulysses’ 3rd orbit showed characteristic differences in the solar wind compared to the previous solar cycle. The fast wind was slightly slower and significantly less dense, cooler, and had less mass and momentum flux than during the previous solar minimu ...
... Observations of polar coronal hole flows from Ulysses’ 3rd orbit showed characteristic differences in the solar wind compared to the previous solar cycle. The fast wind was slightly slower and significantly less dense, cooler, and had less mass and momentum flux than during the previous solar minimu ...
Geosystems-7th-Edition-Christopherson-Solution
... Geosystems begins with the Sun and Solar System to launch the first of four parts. Our planet and our lives are powered by radiant energy from the star closest to Earth—the Sun. Each of us depends on many systems that are set into motion by energy from the Sun. These systems are the subjects of Part ...
... Geosystems begins with the Sun and Solar System to launch the first of four parts. Our planet and our lives are powered by radiant energy from the star closest to Earth—the Sun. Each of us depends on many systems that are set into motion by energy from the Sun. These systems are the subjects of Part ...
Cosmic Influence on the Sun-Earth Environment
... environment of the Earth were found to be modulated by the geomagnetic field and the ionizing potential of the cosmic rays [8]. Earth directed Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and its effects on the thermosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere have been studied. During Earth directed CME a beam of electrons ( ...
... environment of the Earth were found to be modulated by the geomagnetic field and the ionizing potential of the cosmic rays [8]. Earth directed Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and its effects on the thermosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere have been studied. During Earth directed CME a beam of electrons ( ...
The order of magnitude of energy received from
... 1. The order of magnitude of energy received from sun at earth surface is 10-1 joule/cm2-sec. Calculate the order of magnitude of total force due to solar radiation on the earth (assumed perfectly absorbing) given earth’s diameter =107 meter. [ Hint P=E/C and F= P x4πr2] .Ans: 1.05x105N 2. Calculate ...
... 1. The order of magnitude of energy received from sun at earth surface is 10-1 joule/cm2-sec. Calculate the order of magnitude of total force due to solar radiation on the earth (assumed perfectly absorbing) given earth’s diameter =107 meter. [ Hint P=E/C and F= P x4πr2] .Ans: 1.05x105N 2. Calculate ...
Lyman-α observations of astrospheres
... – Theoretical models of stellar astrospheres may not include all of the important physical processes: for example, most models and simulations assume that stellar mass loss is constant or quasi-steady state and, therefore, do not include transient events like coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that are s ...
... – Theoretical models of stellar astrospheres may not include all of the important physical processes: for example, most models and simulations assume that stellar mass loss is constant or quasi-steady state and, therefore, do not include transient events like coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that are s ...
Equipartition magnetic fields in normal galaxies
... In Fig. 2(c) we plot the ratio of the magnetic field energy density (U mag = B2eq /8π) to that of the total energy density of ISM gas (U gas ) as a function of star formation efficiency (ΣSFR /Σgas ) for the galaxy NGC 6946 at scales of ∼ 0.5 kpc. Here, Σgas is the surface density of the total neutr ...
... In Fig. 2(c) we plot the ratio of the magnetic field energy density (U mag = B2eq /8π) to that of the total energy density of ISM gas (U gas ) as a function of star formation efficiency (ΣSFR /Σgas ) for the galaxy NGC 6946 at scales of ∼ 0.5 kpc. Here, Σgas is the surface density of the total neutr ...
Slide 1
... Comprised of 2 stars in a close orbit around each other (i.e., a binary system). They are tidally locked (i.e., rotation period equals orbital period, of only days). ...
... Comprised of 2 stars in a close orbit around each other (i.e., a binary system). They are tidally locked (i.e., rotation period equals orbital period, of only days). ...
X-ray Emission from Massive Stars
... The Doppler desaturation that’s so helpful in driving a flow via momentum transfer in spectral lines is inherently unstable The line-driven instability (LDI) arises when a parcel of wind material is accelerated above the local flow speed, which moves it out of the “Doppler shadow” of the material be ...
... The Doppler desaturation that’s so helpful in driving a flow via momentum transfer in spectral lines is inherently unstable The line-driven instability (LDI) arises when a parcel of wind material is accelerated above the local flow speed, which moves it out of the “Doppler shadow” of the material be ...
Assignment 6 - utoledo.edu
... energy pouring out of the Sun come from ultimately? a. the Sun is spinning more slowly as time goes on; rotation energy is lost b. heavy nuclei are breaking apart into lighter nuclei c. a little bit of mass is lost in each reaction and is turned into energy (the Sun is losing mass) d. material is fa ...
... energy pouring out of the Sun come from ultimately? a. the Sun is spinning more slowly as time goes on; rotation energy is lost b. heavy nuclei are breaking apart into lighter nuclei c. a little bit of mass is lost in each reaction and is turned into energy (the Sun is losing mass) d. material is fa ...
The Physics of the Sun
... The equatorial coordinate system is used to illustrate the motion of heavenly stars on the celestial sphere—an imaginary sphere of radius equal to the distance of stars so that they appear to be lying on its surface. The projection of the earth’s equator onto the celestial sphere is called the celes ...
... The equatorial coordinate system is used to illustrate the motion of heavenly stars on the celestial sphere—an imaginary sphere of radius equal to the distance of stars so that they appear to be lying on its surface. The projection of the earth’s equator onto the celestial sphere is called the celes ...
Bray - X-rays from Solar System Objects
... Diffuse X-Ray Background ■ Background is significantly variable in both time and space. ■ Thermal in origin, dominated by lines ■ Instrumental backgrounds can also be comparable to diffuse background ■ Angular size of source effects quality of data – Planets tend to span small portion of the FOV – ...
... Diffuse X-Ray Background ■ Background is significantly variable in both time and space. ■ Thermal in origin, dominated by lines ■ Instrumental backgrounds can also be comparable to diffuse background ■ Angular size of source effects quality of data – Planets tend to span small portion of the FOV – ...
Stellar Luminosities
... in the form of E-M radiation. How do we determine the luminosity of the Sun? 1) Measure the Sun’s apparent brightness 2) Measure the Sun’s distance 3) Use the inverse square law ...
... in the form of E-M radiation. How do we determine the luminosity of the Sun? 1) Measure the Sun’s apparent brightness 2) Measure the Sun’s distance 3) Use the inverse square law ...
HEA_Pulsars
... inferred from the observed emission, for example in the 2-20keV range, the observed luminosity in the Crab Nebula is approx. 1.5 x 10 30 watts. Thus the pulsar can power the nebula. ...
... inferred from the observed emission, for example in the 2-20keV range, the observed luminosity in the Crab Nebula is approx. 1.5 x 10 30 watts. Thus the pulsar can power the nebula. ...
Conversion of Electrostatic to Electromagnetic Waves by
... conversion of low frequency es waves to em waves at the plasma frequency using a superluminous ionization front. Most importantly for astrophysical applications, the paper presents the first experimental demonstration that, for highly superluminous speeds, b ¿ 1, the emitted frequency coincides with ...
... conversion of low frequency es waves to em waves at the plasma frequency using a superluminous ionization front. Most importantly for astrophysical applications, the paper presents the first experimental demonstration that, for highly superluminous speeds, b ¿ 1, the emitted frequency coincides with ...
The Sun's Crowded Delivery Room July 6, 2007
... comes about a million years later when the star explodes, but also after many planetesimals differentiated. They did not contain any 60Fe, but had their full complement of 26Al. In fact, they had enough 26Al to heat up internally and melt. The 60Fe cannot have come from a source too far from the inf ...
... comes about a million years later when the star explodes, but also after many planetesimals differentiated. They did not contain any 60Fe, but had their full complement of 26Al. In fact, they had enough 26Al to heat up internally and melt. The 60Fe cannot have come from a source too far from the inf ...
Chapter 24 Studying the Sun Section 1 The Study of Light Key
... studied, the spectral lines act as “fingerprints.” These lines identify the elements present and thus the star’s chemical composition. The spectrum of the sun contains thousands of dark lines. More than 60 elements have been identified by matching these lines with those of elements known on Earth. T ...
... studied, the spectral lines act as “fingerprints.” These lines identify the elements present and thus the star’s chemical composition. The spectrum of the sun contains thousands of dark lines. More than 60 elements have been identified by matching these lines with those of elements known on Earth. T ...
The Transport of Cosmic Rays
... 1 TeV, as the effects of the heliosphere at 1 TeV are smaller (but still significant). • The gyro-radius of a 1 TeV proton in the interstellar magnetic field is ~ 74 AU, which is signifiantly smaller than the heliosphere. • The interstellar field is distorted in the flow around the heliosphere out t ...
... 1 TeV, as the effects of the heliosphere at 1 TeV are smaller (but still significant). • The gyro-radius of a 1 TeV proton in the interstellar magnetic field is ~ 74 AU, which is signifiantly smaller than the heliosphere. • The interstellar field is distorted in the flow around the heliosphere out t ...
CME - ASU
... For weak CMEs at .5 AU, M=.25*Earth's is sufficient for only 1 Earth radius standoff. For strong CMEs, M = 2*Earth's, so cannot be generated by tidally locked Earth size and mass ...
... For weak CMEs at .5 AU, M=.25*Earth's is sufficient for only 1 Earth radius standoff. For strong CMEs, M = 2*Earth's, so cannot be generated by tidally locked Earth size and mass ...
Corona
A corona (Latin, 'crown') is an aura of plasma that surrounds the sun and other celestial bodies. The Sun's corona extends millions of kilometres into space and is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but it is also observable with a coronagraph. The word ""corona"" is a Latin word meaning ""crown"", from the Ancient Greek κορώνη (korōnē, “garland, wreath”).The high temperature of the Sun's corona gives it unusual spectral features, which led some in the 19th century to suggest that it contained a previously unknown element, ""coronium"". Instead, these spectral features have since been explained by highly ionized iron (Fe-XIV). Bengt Edlén, following the work of Grotrian (1939), first identified the coronal lines in 1940 (observed since 1869) as transitions from low-lying metastable levels of the ground configuration of highly ionised metals (the green Fe-XIV line at 5303 Å, but also the red line Fe-X at 6374 Å). These high stages of ionisation indicate a plasma temperature in excess of 1,000,000 kelvin, much hotter than the surface of the sun.Light from the corona comes from three primary sources, which are called by different names although all of them share the same volume of space. The K-corona (K for kontinuierlich, ""continuous"" in German) is created by sunlight scattering off free electrons; Doppler broadening of the reflected photospheric absorption lines completely obscures them, giving the spectral appearance of a continuum with no absorption lines. The F-corona (F for Fraunhofer) is created by sunlight bouncing off dust particles, and is observable because its light contains the Fraunhofer absorption lines that are seen in raw sunlight; the F-corona extends to very high elongation angles from the Sun, where it is called the zodiacal light. The E-corona (E for emission) is due to spectral emission lines produced by ions that are present in the coronal plasma; it may be observed in broad or forbidden or hot spectral emission lines and is the main source of information about the corona's composition.