An autocrine Wnt5a-Ror signaling loop mediates sympathetic target
... signaling in the formation and maintenance of neuronal circuits in vivo. Some of these questions regarding the spatial and temporal aspects of Wnt signaling are best addressed by the use of conditional or inducible genetic mouse models. During nervous system development, many axons undergo reiterati ...
... signaling in the formation and maintenance of neuronal circuits in vivo. Some of these questions regarding the spatial and temporal aspects of Wnt signaling are best addressed by the use of conditional or inducible genetic mouse models. During nervous system development, many axons undergo reiterati ...
Open Access - Scientific Research Publishing
... thus delineating the species developmental silhouette. Since plant species had predominantly evolved sessile in their origins, they do respond to the varying external atmosphere by their altered growth patterns. Such changes in growth patterns are the result of the plant’s response to environmental ...
... thus delineating the species developmental silhouette. Since plant species had predominantly evolved sessile in their origins, they do respond to the varying external atmosphere by their altered growth patterns. Such changes in growth patterns are the result of the plant’s response to environmental ...
Culm strenth of a rice brittle mutant
... mutants have been genetically identified in rice and mapped onto genetic map as follows: bc1 on chromosome 3, bc2 on chromosome5, bc3 and bc5 on chromosome 2, bc4 on chromosome 6 (Nagato and Yoshimura, 1998), bc5 is a brittle node gene and bc6 is a dominant gene. However, except bc1, the genes assoc ...
... mutants have been genetically identified in rice and mapped onto genetic map as follows: bc1 on chromosome 3, bc2 on chromosome5, bc3 and bc5 on chromosome 2, bc4 on chromosome 6 (Nagato and Yoshimura, 1998), bc5 is a brittle node gene and bc6 is a dominant gene. However, except bc1, the genes assoc ...
Kratsch, H.A . and R.R. Wise. 2000. The ultrastructure of chilling stress. Plant, Cell Environment 23: 337-350.
... chilling stress is no exception. There are many factors such as light intensity, relative humidity and the inherent sensitivity of the plant to chilling that interact and may either enhance the effect or act as protection against injury. Indeed, it is arguably next to impossible to control for all o ...
... chilling stress is no exception. There are many factors such as light intensity, relative humidity and the inherent sensitivity of the plant to chilling that interact and may either enhance the effect or act as protection against injury. Indeed, it is arguably next to impossible to control for all o ...
The ultrastructure of chilling stress
... chilling stress is no exception. There are many factors such as light intensity, relative humidity and the inherent sensitivity of the plant to chilling that interact and may either enhance the effect or act as protection against injury. Indeed, it is arguably next to impossible to control for all o ...
... chilling stress is no exception. There are many factors such as light intensity, relative humidity and the inherent sensitivity of the plant to chilling that interact and may either enhance the effect or act as protection against injury. Indeed, it is arguably next to impossible to control for all o ...
The Neurosecretory Neuron in Neuroendocrine
... distribution parallels the sites of formation and/or storage of catecholamine as determined by the fluorescence-technique (Fuxe, et ah, 1966a). • If it can be established that physiologically active catecholamines released from neurons reach target cells by a vascular route, such as the hypophysial ...
... distribution parallels the sites of formation and/or storage of catecholamine as determined by the fluorescence-technique (Fuxe, et ah, 1966a). • If it can be established that physiologically active catecholamines released from neurons reach target cells by a vascular route, such as the hypophysial ...
Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylases Have a Function
... this species increased at the border between the primary and secondary wall layers at the time of secondary wall deposition. Furthermore, one of the most abundant XET isoforms in secondary vascular tissues (PttXET16A) was cloned and immunolocalized to fibers at the stage of secondary wall formation. ...
... this species increased at the border between the primary and secondary wall layers at the time of secondary wall deposition. Furthermore, one of the most abundant XET isoforms in secondary vascular tissues (PttXET16A) was cloned and immunolocalized to fibers at the stage of secondary wall formation. ...
development through auxin-induced cytokinin oxidase activity
... Cytokinin plays a crucial role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of plant cells. Considerable efforts in the last few years have been directed toward the discovery of proteins and enzymes that function in cytokinin signaling and metabolism (Ferreira and Kieber 2005; Sakakibara 2006 ...
... Cytokinin plays a crucial role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of plant cells. Considerable efforts in the last few years have been directed toward the discovery of proteins and enzymes that function in cytokinin signaling and metabolism (Ferreira and Kieber 2005; Sakakibara 2006 ...
Multiscale Systems Analysis of Root Growth and
... Communication between cells is essential to ensure that cell growth and development are coordinated to form a wellstructured, patterned tissue. In plants, such communication often involves mobile transcription factors or hormones, which move between adjacent cells and interact with their signaling n ...
... Communication between cells is essential to ensure that cell growth and development are coordinated to form a wellstructured, patterned tissue. In plants, such communication often involves mobile transcription factors or hormones, which move between adjacent cells and interact with their signaling n ...
Penetration and Establishment of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in
... research for effective controls based on disease resistance. Biotrophic fungal pathogens use several different strategies to infect a host. Fungi, such as the apple scab pathogen, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter, penetrate directly through the epidermal cuticle and survive between the cuticle ...
... research for effective controls based on disease resistance. Biotrophic fungal pathogens use several different strategies to infect a host. Fungi, such as the apple scab pathogen, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter, penetrate directly through the epidermal cuticle and survive between the cuticle ...
PDF
... hemisegments of mAb 22C10-immunostained embryos (A,D,G), DiI-labelled v’ch1 neurons (B,E,H) and diagrams showing site of exit and orientation of the v’ch1 dendrite in wild-type (C), NetAp (F) and fra3 (I) mutants. Arrows in A, D and G show the v’ch1 dendrite, white dots show the lch5-5 neuron, and t ...
... hemisegments of mAb 22C10-immunostained embryos (A,D,G), DiI-labelled v’ch1 neurons (B,E,H) and diagrams showing site of exit and orientation of the v’ch1 dendrite in wild-type (C), NetAp (F) and fra3 (I) mutants. Arrows in A, D and G show the v’ch1 dendrite, white dots show the lch5-5 neuron, and t ...
Unprocessed Proinsulin Promotes Cell Survival During
... low or very high prepancreatic insulin availability, due to altered preproinsulin mRNA regulation induced by factors related to or independent of hyperglycemia, may contribute to the appearence of congenital abnormalities. Low insulin levels were reported to cause retarded growth and development in ...
... low or very high prepancreatic insulin availability, due to altered preproinsulin mRNA regulation induced by factors related to or independent of hyperglycemia, may contribute to the appearence of congenital abnormalities. Low insulin levels were reported to cause retarded growth and development in ...
Figure 1 - Journal of The Royal Society Interface
... The cell walls in plants are made up of just four basic building blocks: cellulose (the main structural fibre of the plant kingdom) hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. Although the microstructure of plant cell walls varies in different types of plants, broadly speaking, cellulose fibres reinforce a matr ...
... The cell walls in plants are made up of just four basic building blocks: cellulose (the main structural fibre of the plant kingdom) hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. Although the microstructure of plant cell walls varies in different types of plants, broadly speaking, cellulose fibres reinforce a matr ...
Molecular Regulation of Vascular Cambium Identity and Activity
... Plants constantly grow and repetitively initiate new structures during the development thanks to the activity of meristems, which harbor and protect the stem cell populations located in the different parts of the plant body (Evert, 2006a). Plant stem cells, or the “meristematic cells” or the “initia ...
... Plants constantly grow and repetitively initiate new structures during the development thanks to the activity of meristems, which harbor and protect the stem cell populations located in the different parts of the plant body (Evert, 2006a). Plant stem cells, or the “meristematic cells” or the “initia ...
How autophagy both activates and inhibits cellular
... affects the microenvironment through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases, a feature termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP increases immune surveillance of damaged cells, thus maintaining tissue homeostasis. With age or ...
... affects the microenvironment through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases, a feature termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP increases immune surveillance of damaged cells, thus maintaining tissue homeostasis. With age or ...
DAZL is essential for stress granule formation
... Mammalian male germ cells should be maintained below body temperature for proper development. Here, we investigated how male germ cells respond to heat stress. A short exposure of mouse testes to core body temperature induced phosphorylation of eIF2 and the formation of stress granules (SGs) in mal ...
... Mammalian male germ cells should be maintained below body temperature for proper development. Here, we investigated how male germ cells respond to heat stress. A short exposure of mouse testes to core body temperature induced phosphorylation of eIF2 and the formation of stress granules (SGs) in mal ...
Leaf growth in grasses is determined by the cell division and
... of the residues (de Souza and McAdam 2001). Recent reports have highlighted the biochemical regulation such as expansin of cell wall extensibility as a key process in controlling growth in plants and have led to the identification of several proteins that are potentially involved in this process (Co ...
... of the residues (de Souza and McAdam 2001). Recent reports have highlighted the biochemical regulation such as expansin of cell wall extensibility as a key process in controlling growth in plants and have led to the identification of several proteins that are potentially involved in this process (Co ...
Inhibition of Target of Rapamycin Signaling and
... vacuole membrane, and the remaining vesicle, known as the autophagic body, is finally released to the vacuole for its degradation (Xie and Klionsky, 2007). The evolutionary conservation of autophagy among eukaryotes indicates that structural and regulatory components of this cellular process must be ...
... vacuole membrane, and the remaining vesicle, known as the autophagic body, is finally released to the vacuole for its degradation (Xie and Klionsky, 2007). The evolutionary conservation of autophagy among eukaryotes indicates that structural and regulatory components of this cellular process must be ...
Review Recycling the Cell Cycle: Cyclins Revisited
... if you’re a prokaryote they do not exist. Remarkably, sequence gazing suggests that Cdks appeared after other protein kinases that regulate aspects of the cell cycle (Krylov et al., 2003), even though these other kinases are now regulated by Cdks and Cdk1 directly phosphorylates and activates many o ...
... if you’re a prokaryote they do not exist. Remarkably, sequence gazing suggests that Cdks appeared after other protein kinases that regulate aspects of the cell cycle (Krylov et al., 2003), even though these other kinases are now regulated by Cdks and Cdk1 directly phosphorylates and activates many o ...
Stimulation of Cell Elongation by Tetraploidy in Hypocotyls of Dark
... modules would need to increase twofold, whereas the transcripts needed for linear and planar modules would need to increase 22/3-fold and 21/3-fold, respectively [5, 9]. This hypothesis is partially supported by transcriptomic data showing that a number of cell-surface localized proteins are signifi ...
... modules would need to increase twofold, whereas the transcripts needed for linear and planar modules would need to increase 22/3-fold and 21/3-fold, respectively [5, 9]. This hypothesis is partially supported by transcriptomic data showing that a number of cell-surface localized proteins are signifi ...
Involvement of reactive oxygen species in lanthanum
... REEs can also activate endocytosis in plant cells, which may be the cellular basis underlying the action of REEs in plants. La3+ has been used as a Ca2+ channel blocker, which subsequently disrupts abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases and phospholipase D (Polya et al. ...
... REEs can also activate endocytosis in plant cells, which may be the cellular basis underlying the action of REEs in plants. La3+ has been used as a Ca2+ channel blocker, which subsequently disrupts abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases and phospholipase D (Polya et al. ...
On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell
... The first evidence for the existence of genetic information specific for the control of cell death was provided by pioneering experiments on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans,12,16,65 ± 69 a metazoan whose phylogenic divergence predates ours by several hundred million years and whose body is const ...
... The first evidence for the existence of genetic information specific for the control of cell death was provided by pioneering experiments on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans,12,16,65 ± 69 a metazoan whose phylogenic divergence predates ours by several hundred million years and whose body is const ...
Ultrastructural and Physiological Characterization of YELP, a Novel
... of the chloroplast [6]. On the other hand, chlorophyll accumulation abnormalities can also be caused by malfunctioning of other organelles. For example, disruption of mitochondrial function affects chloroplast development and results in a phenotype characterized by irregular chlorophyll accumulation ...
... of the chloroplast [6]. On the other hand, chlorophyll accumulation abnormalities can also be caused by malfunctioning of other organelles. For example, disruption of mitochondrial function affects chloroplast development and results in a phenotype characterized by irregular chlorophyll accumulation ...
Convergence and Extension Movements During Vertebrate
... Movements in the Mesoderm During the first 3 hours of development, the zebrafish embryo undergoes rapid synchronous cell divisions to form a mound of blastomeres atop a large syncytial yolk cell (Kimmel et al., 1995). Maternally contributed transcripts and proteins govern development during these cl ...
... Movements in the Mesoderm During the first 3 hours of development, the zebrafish embryo undergoes rapid synchronous cell divisions to form a mound of blastomeres atop a large syncytial yolk cell (Kimmel et al., 1995). Maternally contributed transcripts and proteins govern development during these cl ...
Pectin methylesterases: cell wall enzymes with important roles in
... PMEs could have different modes of action. For 20 years, the commonly accepted hypothesis concerning the mode of action of PMEs on homogalacturonans was that they could act either randomly (as in fungi) or linearly (as in plants) along the chain of pectins20. When PMEs act randomly on homogalacturon ...
... PMEs could have different modes of action. For 20 years, the commonly accepted hypothesis concerning the mode of action of PMEs on homogalacturonans was that they could act either randomly (as in fungi) or linearly (as in plants) along the chain of pectins20. When PMEs act randomly on homogalacturon ...
Programmed cell death
Programmed cell-death (or PCD) is death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program. PCD is carried out in a regulated process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's life-cycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and metazoa (multicellular animals) tissue development.Apoptosis and autophagy are both forms of programmed cell death, but necrosis is a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury.Necrosis is the death of a cell caused by external factors such as trauma or infection and occurs in several different forms. Recently a form of programmed necrosis, called necroptosis, has been recognized as an alternate form of programmed cell death. It is hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses or mutations.