Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenowicz and Schultz, 1994). The loss of response is not due to a developing general insensitivity to rewards, as activations following rewards delivered outside of ta ...
... are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenowicz and Schultz, 1994). The loss of response is not due to a developing general insensitivity to rewards, as activations following rewards delivered outside of ta ...
Chapter 3
... • Four distinct neural circuits (somatic motor pathways) participate in control of movement by providing input to lower motor neurons (Figure 16.7). – Local circuit neurons are located close to lower motor neuron cell bodies in the brain stem and spinal cord. – Local circuit neurons and lower motor ...
... • Four distinct neural circuits (somatic motor pathways) participate in control of movement by providing input to lower motor neurons (Figure 16.7). – Local circuit neurons are located close to lower motor neuron cell bodies in the brain stem and spinal cord. – Local circuit neurons and lower motor ...
Human and Rodent Homologies in Action Control - Research
... Recent behavioral studies in both humans and rodents have found evidence that performance in decision-making tasks depends on two different learning processes; one encoding the relationship between actions and their consequences and a second involving the formation of stimulus–response associations. ...
... Recent behavioral studies in both humans and rodents have found evidence that performance in decision-making tasks depends on two different learning processes; one encoding the relationship between actions and their consequences and a second involving the formation of stimulus–response associations. ...
Been There, Seen That: A Neural Mechanism for Performing
... MODELING EFFICIENCY OF SEARCH. The model we used to quantify the animals’ saccadic behavior is based on the variable memory model of visual search (Arani et al. 1984; Horowitz 2006). This model is aimed at seeing how well the animals followed the basic rules of the task. The original model had three ...
... MODELING EFFICIENCY OF SEARCH. The model we used to quantify the animals’ saccadic behavior is based on the variable memory model of visual search (Arani et al. 1984; Horowitz 2006). This model is aimed at seeing how well the animals followed the basic rules of the task. The original model had three ...
Chapter 3
... • Four distinct neural circuits (somatic motor pathways) participate in control of movement by providing input to lower motor neurons (Figure 16.7). – Local circuit neurons are located close to lower motor neuron cell bodies in the brain stem and spinal cord. – Local circuit neurons and lower motor ...
... • Four distinct neural circuits (somatic motor pathways) participate in control of movement by providing input to lower motor neurons (Figure 16.7). – Local circuit neurons are located close to lower motor neuron cell bodies in the brain stem and spinal cord. – Local circuit neurons and lower motor ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... 3.3 and 6.9 kg, were used. PHA-L was injected into the TEad in two monkeys and the TEav in two monkeys. Because we intended to observe the global pattern of projection from a single site, PHA-L was injected into a single site. The body weights of the monkeys in which PHA-L was injected ranged from 3 ...
... 3.3 and 6.9 kg, were used. PHA-L was injected into the TEad in two monkeys and the TEav in two monkeys. Because we intended to observe the global pattern of projection from a single site, PHA-L was injected into a single site. The body weights of the monkeys in which PHA-L was injected ranged from 3 ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... to a lower equilibrium level [25]. Only after a recovery period of >6 s, all molecules will have returned to their initial darkadapted state [see Fig. 1(c)]. To achieve light-based control of neural function, these bioelectric units have been selectively targeted to different excitable cells such as ...
... to a lower equilibrium level [25]. Only after a recovery period of >6 s, all molecules will have returned to their initial darkadapted state [see Fig. 1(c)]. To achieve light-based control of neural function, these bioelectric units have been selectively targeted to different excitable cells such as ...
Chapter 10 - MBFys Home Page
... People who are unable to bring distant objects into clear focus are said to be nearsighted, or myopic (Figures A and B). Myopia can be caused by the corneal surface being too curved, or by the eyeball being too long. In either case, with the lens as flat as it can be, the image of distant objects fo ...
... People who are unable to bring distant objects into clear focus are said to be nearsighted, or myopic (Figures A and B). Myopia can be caused by the corneal surface being too curved, or by the eyeball being too long. In either case, with the lens as flat as it can be, the image of distant objects fo ...
15-2 Sensory Receptors
... potentials at a frequency that reflects the background level of stimulation. When the stimulus increases or decreases, the rate of action potential generation changes accordingly. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... potentials at a frequency that reflects the background level of stimulation. When the stimulus increases or decreases, the rate of action potential generation changes accordingly. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
... areas send afferents to the premotor region, whereas the second-order (distal) areas reach the prefrontal region. Up to now, only the premotor region apart from its characteristic connections, has been distinguished in the monkey from the point of view of its electrophysiological features. As for ot ...
... areas send afferents to the premotor region, whereas the second-order (distal) areas reach the prefrontal region. Up to now, only the premotor region apart from its characteristic connections, has been distinguished in the monkey from the point of view of its electrophysiological features. As for ot ...
ABSTRACT The Auditory Brainstem Response: History and Future
... Wave IV to the superior olivary nucleus, and Wave V to the lateral lemniscus (Boston & Møller, 1983). Although they are not commonly used clinically, it is thought that Waves VI and VII are attributed to the inferior colliculus (Boston & Møller, 1983). A more recent study connects Wave I with the sp ...
... Wave IV to the superior olivary nucleus, and Wave V to the lateral lemniscus (Boston & Møller, 1983). Although they are not commonly used clinically, it is thought that Waves VI and VII are attributed to the inferior colliculus (Boston & Møller, 1983). A more recent study connects Wave I with the sp ...
Mental Processes -- How the Mind Arises from the Brain Roger Ellman
... that the evolved human nervous system recapitulates and has as functioning subsystems the evolutionary history of the earlier developed stages of nervous system. Whether, if one were to design a human "from scratch", one would include all of these mechanisms is a hypothetical question to be perhaps ...
... that the evolved human nervous system recapitulates and has as functioning subsystems the evolutionary history of the earlier developed stages of nervous system. Whether, if one were to design a human "from scratch", one would include all of these mechanisms is a hypothetical question to be perhaps ...
Hemispheric asymmetries of cortical volume in the human brain
... (Blackmon et al., 2010; Draganski et al., 2004; Fleming et al., 2010; Maguire et al., 2000; Schneider et al., 2002). Early efforts to identify morphological hemispheric asymmetries were to a large degree motivated by the desire to identify the biological bases of the asymmetric cortical language rep ...
... (Blackmon et al., 2010; Draganski et al., 2004; Fleming et al., 2010; Maguire et al., 2000; Schneider et al., 2002). Early efforts to identify morphological hemispheric asymmetries were to a large degree motivated by the desire to identify the biological bases of the asymmetric cortical language rep ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... instance, your perceptions of what is appearing on the canvas must be closely coordinated with the brush strokes that your hand makes to achieve the desired effect. The same high degree of control is necessary for many other complex behaviors. Consider playing basketball. At every moment, decisions ...
... instance, your perceptions of what is appearing on the canvas must be closely coordinated with the brush strokes that your hand makes to achieve the desired effect. The same high degree of control is necessary for many other complex behaviors. Consider playing basketball. At every moment, decisions ...
Anatomofunctional organization of the ventral primary motor and
... eyes. We further checked whether different types of movements (i.e. scratching, grooming or spontaneous finger flexion movements) were equally effective in triggering neuronal discharge in order to establish whether the activity was related to simple movements or motor acts. Grasping-related respons ...
... eyes. We further checked whether different types of movements (i.e. scratching, grooming or spontaneous finger flexion movements) were equally effective in triggering neuronal discharge in order to establish whether the activity was related to simple movements or motor acts. Grasping-related respons ...
Preserving information in neural transmission - CNL
... Weyand (2007)] and absence of a refractory period. Such cells were not analyzed further because it was impossible to assign individual EPSPs to a particular ganglion cell. Stimuli larger than the receptive field center were more likely to lead to EPSPs from multiple ganglion cells. To minimize this ...
... Weyand (2007)] and absence of a refractory period. Such cells were not analyzed further because it was impossible to assign individual EPSPs to a particular ganglion cell. Stimuli larger than the receptive field center were more likely to lead to EPSPs from multiple ganglion cells. To minimize this ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... The monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) followed by sodium pentobarbital administered intravenously through a femoral catheter until a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved. Additional anesthetic was administered during surgery as needed. Surgery was ...
... The monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) followed by sodium pentobarbital administered intravenously through a femoral catheter until a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved. Additional anesthetic was administered during surgery as needed. Surgery was ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... Bolam, Francis and Henderson (1991) Neuroscience 41:483-494 Ross, Mena-Segovia, Magill and Bolam unpublished ...
... Bolam, Francis and Henderson (1991) Neuroscience 41:483-494 Ross, Mena-Segovia, Magill and Bolam unpublished ...
Age-related changes in processing speed: unique contributions of
... factor that would cause brain regions to scale together, such as brain size; and (2) identify an etiological factor such as cerebral small vessel disease that could affect distinct cortical regions due to the deafferentation stemming from white matter pathology. In sum, SBM was used in this study to ...
... factor that would cause brain regions to scale together, such as brain size; and (2) identify an etiological factor such as cerebral small vessel disease that could affect distinct cortical regions due to the deafferentation stemming from white matter pathology. In sum, SBM was used in this study to ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... periods characterized by rapid eye movements during sleep. • Also know as paradoxical sleep is deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in other ways. • EEG waves are irregular, low-voltage and fast. • Postural muscles of the body are more relaxed than other stages. ...
... periods characterized by rapid eye movements during sleep. • Also know as paradoxical sleep is deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in other ways. • EEG waves are irregular, low-voltage and fast. • Postural muscles of the body are more relaxed than other stages. ...
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... and synchronization to rapid sensory input. Other reports suggest that nonprimary sensory fields are more plastic than primary sensory cortex. The consequences of environmental enrichment on information processing in nonprimary sensory cortex have yet to be studied. Here we examine physiological eff ...
... and synchronization to rapid sensory input. Other reports suggest that nonprimary sensory fields are more plastic than primary sensory cortex. The consequences of environmental enrichment on information processing in nonprimary sensory cortex have yet to be studied. Here we examine physiological eff ...
Time perception
Time perception is a field of study within psychology and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and continuous unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Another person's perception of time cannot be directly experienced or understood, but it can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Time perception is a construction of the brain that is manipulable and distortable under certain circumstances. These temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.Pioneering work, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer. Experimental work began under the influence of the psycho-physical notions of Gustav Theodor Fechner with studies of the relationship between perceived and measured time.