Weng_Denton2006
... Cerebellum: more significant role than expected Posterior cingulate area: reflected correlation with thirst score Cingulate regions: cortical response to rise in salt concentration, concious sensation of thirst Receives most impact from more primitive regions of brain ...
... Cerebellum: more significant role than expected Posterior cingulate area: reflected correlation with thirst score Cingulate regions: cortical response to rise in salt concentration, concious sensation of thirst Receives most impact from more primitive regions of brain ...
Whisker movements evoked by stimulation of single pyramidal cells
... Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evo ...
... Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evo ...
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
... reference interval (which is defined as 100 %). To keep the power at the reference interval at the resting level, the interval between two consecutive events should be random and not shorter than a few seconds. 2.2 BCI approaches An ideal BCI could detect the user’s wishes and commands directly. How ...
... reference interval (which is defined as 100 %). To keep the power at the reference interval at the resting level, the interval between two consecutive events should be random and not shorter than a few seconds. 2.2 BCI approaches An ideal BCI could detect the user’s wishes and commands directly. How ...
Postnatal microbial colonization programs HPA system for stress
... Indigenous microbiota have several beneficial effects on host physiological functions; however, little is known about whether or not postnatal microbial colonization can affect the development of brain plasticity and a subsequent physiological system response. To test the idea that such microbes may ...
... Indigenous microbiota have several beneficial effects on host physiological functions; however, little is known about whether or not postnatal microbial colonization can affect the development of brain plasticity and a subsequent physiological system response. To test the idea that such microbes may ...
M1 Corticospinal Mirror Neurons and Their Role in
... Mirror neurons are particularly fascinating in that they are activated not only by one’s own actions but also by the actions of others. Mirror neurons in macaque area F5 were originally shown to respond during both the monkey’s own grasping action and during observation of grasp carried out by a hum ...
... Mirror neurons are particularly fascinating in that they are activated not only by one’s own actions but also by the actions of others. Mirror neurons in macaque area F5 were originally shown to respond during both the monkey’s own grasping action and during observation of grasp carried out by a hum ...
Appetitive associative learning recruits a distinct
... Thus, both early and late training groups received identical training sessions, the only difference was how many sessions they received. The control groups in this study (groups Tone and Food) were designed for Fos imaging, and as such aid interpretation of differential Fos induction. A potential alte ...
... Thus, both early and late training groups received identical training sessions, the only difference was how many sessions they received. The control groups in this study (groups Tone and Food) were designed for Fos imaging, and as such aid interpretation of differential Fos induction. A potential alte ...
High-Level Visual Processing: Cognitive Influences
... Indeed, several small subpopulations of neurons encode objects that convey to the observer highly meaningful information, such as faces and hands (Figure 28–4). For cells that respond to the sight of a hand, individual fingers are particularly critical. Among cells that respond to faces, the most ef ...
... Indeed, several small subpopulations of neurons encode objects that convey to the observer highly meaningful information, such as faces and hands (Figure 28–4). For cells that respond to the sight of a hand, individual fingers are particularly critical. Among cells that respond to faces, the most ef ...
How the prefrontal executive got its stripes
... The DLPFC uses information to abstract rules for goaldirected behavior [5,35]. In this context, information from the internal environment must also reach the DLPFC. The systematic cortical variation within the PFC provides a circuit mechanism for this process. Thus, signals from the internal environ ...
... The DLPFC uses information to abstract rules for goaldirected behavior [5,35]. In this context, information from the internal environment must also reach the DLPFC. The systematic cortical variation within the PFC provides a circuit mechanism for this process. Thus, signals from the internal environ ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... between glia and AVP neurons. In the osmosensory neurons, the TRPV channels are sensitive to cell membrane stretch to permit the generation of a nonselective cation current, particularly for Ca2+ [29]. It is believed that osmotically-evoked activation of OVLT neurons is mediated by TRPV1 and TRPV4 c ...
... between glia and AVP neurons. In the osmosensory neurons, the TRPV channels are sensitive to cell membrane stretch to permit the generation of a nonselective cation current, particularly for Ca2+ [29]. It is believed that osmotically-evoked activation of OVLT neurons is mediated by TRPV1 and TRPV4 c ...
Relative timing: from behaviour to neurons
... signals. We propose an updated race process based on the integration of sensory evidence towards a decision threshold rather than simple signal propagation. The model suggests a general approach for identifying brain regions involved in relative timing, based on looking for trial-by-trial correlatio ...
... signals. We propose an updated race process based on the integration of sensory evidence towards a decision threshold rather than simple signal propagation. The model suggests a general approach for identifying brain regions involved in relative timing, based on looking for trial-by-trial correlatio ...
Transcripts/2_25 2
... A block diagram of the major structures that project to the brain [S42] a. Eye movements involve quite a few different areas of the brain. Hence, they are susceptible to damage of those areas of the brain. b. Saccadic eye movements are no exception. c. The brainstem saccade generator is the pre-moto ...
... A block diagram of the major structures that project to the brain [S42] a. Eye movements involve quite a few different areas of the brain. Hence, they are susceptible to damage of those areas of the brain. b. Saccadic eye movements are no exception. c. The brainstem saccade generator is the pre-moto ...
Neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia: understanding
... psychiatric illnesses, including SZ [10,11]. Biological studies have revealed that both NRG1 and DISC1 are multifunctional in nature, with key roles during neurodevelopment [12–14]. Therefore, systematic studies of these factors from the time of the initial risks in early development to disease onse ...
... psychiatric illnesses, including SZ [10,11]. Biological studies have revealed that both NRG1 and DISC1 are multifunctional in nature, with key roles during neurodevelopment [12–14]. Therefore, systematic studies of these factors from the time of the initial risks in early development to disease onse ...
Summary of Results and Discussion
... stabilization is accompanied during development by the removal (or pruning) of the branches that fail to establish those synapses and the inhibition of additional branching. Certain extracellular molecules, namely CAMs, neurotrophins, integrins and axon guidance molecules, regulate the three process ...
... stabilization is accompanied during development by the removal (or pruning) of the branches that fail to establish those synapses and the inhibition of additional branching. Certain extracellular molecules, namely CAMs, neurotrophins, integrins and axon guidance molecules, regulate the three process ...
Response characteristics in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN
... The RF-composition described above is called the "linear summation eld" of the RF. Linearity of spatial contrast integration is usually tested by ashing or counter-phasing (contrast reversal) a grating of optimal spatial frequency at di erent positions (spatial phases) with respect to the center o ...
... The RF-composition described above is called the "linear summation eld" of the RF. Linearity of spatial contrast integration is usually tested by ashing or counter-phasing (contrast reversal) a grating of optimal spatial frequency at di erent positions (spatial phases) with respect to the center o ...
Evolution of Time-Coding Systems in Weakly Electric Fishes
... encoded, and further processed by peripheral and central neurons specialized for time coding. There are time codes for the sex or species identities of other fish or the resistance and capacitance of objects. In the central nervous system, specialized neural elements exist for decoding time codes fo ...
... encoded, and further processed by peripheral and central neurons specialized for time coding. There are time codes for the sex or species identities of other fish or the resistance and capacitance of objects. In the central nervous system, specialized neural elements exist for decoding time codes fo ...
Original Article Female Rat Hippocampal Cell
... affect the hippocampal cell density. The number of neurons decreased and that of astrocytes increased after CPP. In our previous study we showed that the number of astrocytes increases after CPP in male Wistar rats (Shaabani et al., 2011) and in the present study we showed that this number also incr ...
... affect the hippocampal cell density. The number of neurons decreased and that of astrocytes increased after CPP. In our previous study we showed that the number of astrocytes increases after CPP in male Wistar rats (Shaabani et al., 2011) and in the present study we showed that this number also incr ...
Combinatorial structures and processing in Neural Blackboard
... The assembly or web-like structure of a concept representation entails that concepts representations are ‘in situ’ [4]. That is, wherever a concept is activated it always consists of the activation of the assembly of that concept or a part of it. In this view, it is not possible to make a copy of a ...
... The assembly or web-like structure of a concept representation entails that concepts representations are ‘in situ’ [4]. That is, wherever a concept is activated it always consists of the activation of the assembly of that concept or a part of it. In this view, it is not possible to make a copy of a ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... pairs of neurons evaluated for short-time scale correlations, similar percentages of reference neurons in each brain region had correlation features indicative of a specific interaction with at least one target neuron: PRG (59.6%), VRC (51.0%) and raphé nuclei (45.8%). The results suggest a brainst ...
... pairs of neurons evaluated for short-time scale correlations, similar percentages of reference neurons in each brain region had correlation features indicative of a specific interaction with at least one target neuron: PRG (59.6%), VRC (51.0%) and raphé nuclei (45.8%). The results suggest a brainst ...
Doubly stochastic processes: an approach for understanding central
... adequate to approximate a doubly stochastic process with a simpler inhomogenous stochastic process or a mixture of simpler stochastic processes though such an approximation may forfeit the opportunity of a mechanistic connection for the model. However, for the model described above we have been able ...
... adequate to approximate a doubly stochastic process with a simpler inhomogenous stochastic process or a mixture of simpler stochastic processes though such an approximation may forfeit the opportunity of a mechanistic connection for the model. However, for the model described above we have been able ...
Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala
... emotional expression. We review recent neurobiological data concerning the amygdala and the PFC and discuss how these data fit into a proposed framework for understanding interactions between emotion and cognition. The concept of a mental state plays a central role in our theoretical framework. We de ...
... emotional expression. We review recent neurobiological data concerning the amygdala and the PFC and discuss how these data fit into a proposed framework for understanding interactions between emotion and cognition. The concept of a mental state plays a central role in our theoretical framework. We de ...
Wnt Signaling Mutants Have Decreased Dentate Granule Cell
... The T-box transcription factor Tbr1 is ex- mice (A⬘–F⬘) were stained using antibodies or by in situ hybridization. In some panels, dotted black lines outline the dentate pressed in all neurons originating from the gyrus. Fi, Fimbria; Sub, subiculum; DG, dentate gyrus. cortical ventricular zone and a ...
... The T-box transcription factor Tbr1 is ex- mice (A⬘–F⬘) were stained using antibodies or by in situ hybridization. In some panels, dotted black lines outline the dentate pressed in all neurons originating from the gyrus. Fi, Fimbria; Sub, subiculum; DG, dentate gyrus. cortical ventricular zone and a ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... orexin neurons by stimulation of afferent fibers at a frequency as low as 10 Hz in vitro (133), and an A1-receptor antagonist has been shown to increase wakefulness when injected locally into the LH/PFA in vivo (114). Whether or not neurons are the source of adenosine in this case remains unresolved ...
... orexin neurons by stimulation of afferent fibers at a frequency as low as 10 Hz in vitro (133), and an A1-receptor antagonist has been shown to increase wakefulness when injected locally into the LH/PFA in vivo (114). Whether or not neurons are the source of adenosine in this case remains unresolved ...
article in press - Neurobiology of Vocal Communication
... is limited. In other words, electrical brain stimulation can help to delimit the neural vocalization network as a whole; it cannot identify, however, the modal points of the system, that is, the sites at which processing of vocalization takes place. A more specific approach than electrical stimulati ...
... is limited. In other words, electrical brain stimulation can help to delimit the neural vocalization network as a whole; it cannot identify, however, the modal points of the system, that is, the sites at which processing of vocalization takes place. A more specific approach than electrical stimulati ...
Sensorimotor Neural Plasticity following Hand Transplantation
... the axons ability to regenerate. Another factor is that there is poor specificity ofreinnervation from the regenerating axons. Poor specificity can result because target organs are reinnervated by nerve fibers that originally had a different function (Navarro et al., 2007). The plasticity of central ...
... the axons ability to regenerate. Another factor is that there is poor specificity ofreinnervation from the regenerating axons. Poor specificity can result because target organs are reinnervated by nerve fibers that originally had a different function (Navarro et al., 2007). The plasticity of central ...
Fatty acid amide hydrolase expression in rat choroid plexus
... At present it is not known how or where oleamide is synthesised in mammals. Nor is it known how oleamide exerts its powerful sleep-inducing action [1]. Analysis of the effects of oleamide at the cellular level, however, point to a number of potential molecular targets including 5-hydroxytryptamine ( ...
... At present it is not known how or where oleamide is synthesised in mammals. Nor is it known how oleamide exerts its powerful sleep-inducing action [1]. Analysis of the effects of oleamide at the cellular level, however, point to a number of potential molecular targets including 5-hydroxytryptamine ( ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.