Hippocampal mechanisms for the context-dependent retrieval of episodes 2005 Special issue
... selection of turns at the choice point. The neural model can guide correct behavior in the task, as shown here. The rat moves down the stem through multiple states (bsZ1 to bsZ2 to bsZ3), then into the right arm (bsZ4,5) where it receives reward (at bsZ5), and then follows the return path (bsZ6,7,8) ...
... selection of turns at the choice point. The neural model can guide correct behavior in the task, as shown here. The rat moves down the stem through multiple states (bsZ1 to bsZ2 to bsZ3), then into the right arm (bsZ4,5) where it receives reward (at bsZ5), and then follows the return path (bsZ6,7,8) ...
The thesis
... the skeletal muscle, they loose the myelin sheath and the terminal fibres run along the surface of the muscle fibres and finally form neuromuscular junctions. The motorneuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by its axon is called collectively „the motor unit” (Cullheim and Kellerth, 1987a, ...
... the skeletal muscle, they loose the myelin sheath and the terminal fibres run along the surface of the muscle fibres and finally form neuromuscular junctions. The motorneuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by its axon is called collectively „the motor unit” (Cullheim and Kellerth, 1987a, ...
Sample Chapter 8 from the Textbook
... (figure 8.6). Each oligodendrocyte process or Schwann cell repeatedly wraps around a segment of an axon to form a series of tightly wrapped cell membranes. A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of multiple neurons, usually contains more unmyelinated than myelinated axons. Myelin is an excel ...
... (figure 8.6). Each oligodendrocyte process or Schwann cell repeatedly wraps around a segment of an axon to form a series of tightly wrapped cell membranes. A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of multiple neurons, usually contains more unmyelinated than myelinated axons. Myelin is an excel ...
Poulet etal - Cornell University
... self-generated and external sensory stimuli is a fundamental problem in perception and a central question of sensory neuroscience. Philosophers and scientists over the centuries have proposed that responses to self-generated stimuli are modulated by neural signals that feedforward from motor to sens ...
... self-generated and external sensory stimuli is a fundamental problem in perception and a central question of sensory neuroscience. Philosophers and scientists over the centuries have proposed that responses to self-generated stimuli are modulated by neural signals that feedforward from motor to sens ...
Expression of ml-m4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Proteins in
... by immunoprecipitation analysis; the m5 protein has not been reliably detected (Levey et al., 1991, 1994; Wall et al., 1994). Immunocytochenistry provides exquisite sensitivity, high resolution, and subtype selectivity for determining the precise cellular and subcellular (e.g., pre- and postsynaptic ...
... by immunoprecipitation analysis; the m5 protein has not been reliably detected (Levey et al., 1991, 1994; Wall et al., 1994). Immunocytochenistry provides exquisite sensitivity, high resolution, and subtype selectivity for determining the precise cellular and subcellular (e.g., pre- and postsynaptic ...
12 - PHSchool.com
... bodies, dendrites, associated glia and blood vessels, but no fiber tracts. It contains billions of neurons arranged in six layers. Although it is only 2–4 mm (about 1/8 inch) thick, it accounts for roughly 40% of total brain mass. Its many convolutions effectively triple its surface area. In the lat ...
... bodies, dendrites, associated glia and blood vessels, but no fiber tracts. It contains billions of neurons arranged in six layers. Although it is only 2–4 mm (about 1/8 inch) thick, it accounts for roughly 40% of total brain mass. Its many convolutions effectively triple its surface area. In the lat ...
Glial heterogeneity: the increasing complexity of the brain
... most frequently asked questions. By and large, the human brain consists of approximately 160 billion cells that mainly represent two types, classified as neurons and glia, each contributing about 50 % to the total cell number. Modern imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging ( ...
... most frequently asked questions. By and large, the human brain consists of approximately 160 billion cells that mainly represent two types, classified as neurons and glia, each contributing about 50 % to the total cell number. Modern imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging ( ...
Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression
... It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the bursting rhythm of R15. Previous studies on this topic have focused on two transient currents, designated ID (depolarizing) and IH (hyperpolarizing), both of which increment by a fixed amount after e ...
... It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the bursting rhythm of R15. Previous studies on this topic have focused on two transient currents, designated ID (depolarizing) and IH (hyperpolarizing), both of which increment by a fixed amount after e ...
Predicting spike timing of neocortical pyramidal neurons by simple
... or the retina (Berry et al., 1997). The major source of this variability in spike count seems to be a partially correlated background input from other parts of the cortical network (Gawne and Richmond, 1993; Arieli et al., 1996; Bair et al., 2001; Steriade et al., 2001; Destexhe et al., 2003; De Wee ...
... or the retina (Berry et al., 1997). The major source of this variability in spike count seems to be a partially correlated background input from other parts of the cortical network (Gawne and Richmond, 1993; Arieli et al., 1996; Bair et al., 2001; Steriade et al., 2001; Destexhe et al., 2003; De Wee ...
Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in
... voxel in the left inferior frontal gyrus showing the maximally significant response, in the fast v. slow covert articulation, was selected as the covariate of interest in each individual. The left inferior frontal gyrus was chosen because it is the main region implicated in the generation of inner s ...
... voxel in the left inferior frontal gyrus showing the maximally significant response, in the fast v. slow covert articulation, was selected as the covariate of interest in each individual. The left inferior frontal gyrus was chosen because it is the main region implicated in the generation of inner s ...
The thalamus as a monitor of motor outputs
... is, the receptive field properties that relate to retinal coordinates, like centre-surround properties, will be studied. If, however, it is seen as an input to the midbrain, which is concerned with the control of head and eye movements, then one is likely to be interested in a different set of prope ...
... is, the receptive field properties that relate to retinal coordinates, like centre-surround properties, will be studied. If, however, it is seen as an input to the midbrain, which is concerned with the control of head and eye movements, then one is likely to be interested in a different set of prope ...
Hippocampus, 22, 1703-1719
... learning-dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike-frequency accommodation) after trace eyeblink conditioning or spatial learning, wit ...
... learning-dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike-frequency accommodation) after trace eyeblink conditioning or spatial learning, wit ...
Function of Basal Ganglia (Summary)
... o input projects directly to motor systems via deep nuclei o all pathways pass through the cerebellar peduncles Indirect side loop o Via the parallel fibers, involves granular cells o mossy fiber input to granular cells, through parallel fibers to purkinje and back out to deep nuclei o Used to corre ...
... o input projects directly to motor systems via deep nuclei o all pathways pass through the cerebellar peduncles Indirect side loop o Via the parallel fibers, involves granular cells o mossy fiber input to granular cells, through parallel fibers to purkinje and back out to deep nuclei o Used to corre ...
download file
... distribute the acoustic information to the various cell groups in the cochlear nucleus (Fig. 1). From the cochlear nucleus the information is sent to several midbrain auditory relay nuclei, including the lateral superior olive and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, which converge on the IC of the ...
... distribute the acoustic information to the various cell groups in the cochlear nucleus (Fig. 1). From the cochlear nucleus the information is sent to several midbrain auditory relay nuclei, including the lateral superior olive and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, which converge on the IC of the ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... differ in firing properties and in the ratio of DAT to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or VMAT2 expression in each cell, but also in forebrain target regions [87,103]. Another subpopulation of VTA DA cells projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex lack functional somatodendritic GIRK2-coupled DA D2 autor ...
... differ in firing properties and in the ratio of DAT to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or VMAT2 expression in each cell, but also in forebrain target regions [87,103]. Another subpopulation of VTA DA cells projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex lack functional somatodendritic GIRK2-coupled DA D2 autor ...
BETA ACTIVITY: A CARRIER FOR VISUAL ATTENTION
... bands of the EEG have been long studied in clinical research because of their putative functional importance. Old experimental results indicated that repetitive stimulation of the visual pathway evoked synchronous responses at the cortical level with gain depending on frequency: oscillations within ...
... bands of the EEG have been long studied in clinical research because of their putative functional importance. Old experimental results indicated that repetitive stimulation of the visual pathway evoked synchronous responses at the cortical level with gain depending on frequency: oscillations within ...
Nucleus Accumbensμ-Opioids Regulate Intake of a High
... fat intake, was selected on the basis of previous studies (Bakshi and Kelley, 1993a; Zhang et al., 1998; Zhang and Kelley, 2000). The muscimol dose of 20 ng was chosen on the basis of pilot experiments, which indicated that this dose produced minimized effects on baseline feeding and activity. Howev ...
... fat intake, was selected on the basis of previous studies (Bakshi and Kelley, 1993a; Zhang et al., 1998; Zhang and Kelley, 2000). The muscimol dose of 20 ng was chosen on the basis of pilot experiments, which indicated that this dose produced minimized effects on baseline feeding and activity. Howev ...
Frontiers in Zoology - Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
... yielded one single most parsimonious tree that suggests a position of the Chaetognatha as a sister group to the Protostomia [50]. Papillon et al. [51] also analysed the mitochondrial genome of a member of the Spadellidae (Spadella cephaloptera). Contrary to the analysis of Helfenbein et al. [51], th ...
... yielded one single most parsimonious tree that suggests a position of the Chaetognatha as a sister group to the Protostomia [50]. Papillon et al. [51] also analysed the mitochondrial genome of a member of the Spadellidae (Spadella cephaloptera). Contrary to the analysis of Helfenbein et al. [51], th ...
6 slides per sheet
... 4. Positional information is created early by asymmetric distribution of molecules. These form axes (Animal/Veg, D/V, Ant/Post) that guide the movement of embryonic cells. September 5, 2012 ...
... 4. Positional information is created early by asymmetric distribution of molecules. These form axes (Animal/Veg, D/V, Ant/Post) that guide the movement of embryonic cells. September 5, 2012 ...
Quantity and Three-Dimensional Position of the Recurrent and
... Objectives: We sought to elucidate the 3-dimensiotial position and quantify the lower motor neurons (LMNs) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in a rat model. Quantification and mapping of these neurons will enhance the usefulness of the rat model in the stu ...
... Objectives: We sought to elucidate the 3-dimensiotial position and quantify the lower motor neurons (LMNs) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in a rat model. Quantification and mapping of these neurons will enhance the usefulness of the rat model in the stu ...
The role of early visual cortex in visual integration: a neural model of
... the number of distractors. This suggests a parallel and ‘preattentive’ mechanism that can be implemented by the early retinotopic visual areas. On the other hand, when both target and distractors are composed of similar elementary features, the amount of time required to distinguish between them inc ...
... the number of distractors. This suggests a parallel and ‘preattentive’ mechanism that can be implemented by the early retinotopic visual areas. On the other hand, when both target and distractors are composed of similar elementary features, the amount of time required to distinguish between them inc ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... branching. The relationship between action potential and steadystate voltage attenuation was found to be close to 1 for recordings made from stem dendrites, but ⬍1 for recordings made after dendritic branching (Fig. 2 D). This suggests that action potential backpropagation is active; that is, it is ...
... branching. The relationship between action potential and steadystate voltage attenuation was found to be close to 1 for recordings made from stem dendrites, but ⬍1 for recordings made after dendritic branching (Fig. 2 D). This suggests that action potential backpropagation is active; that is, it is ...
The Cerebellum - krigolson teaching
... and the dendrites of several Golgi and granule cells. Mitochondria are present in all of the structures in the glomerulus, consistent with their high metabolic activity. ...
... and the dendrites of several Golgi and granule cells. Mitochondria are present in all of the structures in the glomerulus, consistent with their high metabolic activity. ...
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
... functions of the living things. It also examines how the parts of the body work and the ways in which they cooperate together to maintain life and health of the individual. One outstanding quality of physiology is that it integrates the individual functions of all the body’s different cells and orga ...
... functions of the living things. It also examines how the parts of the body work and the ways in which they cooperate together to maintain life and health of the individual. One outstanding quality of physiology is that it integrates the individual functions of all the body’s different cells and orga ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.