autonomic accessory ganglia in nerves reaching organs of the
... their branches running to the urogenital organs of sheep there were concentrations of nerve cells forming ganglia which, due to the area of their occurrence and to differentiate them from the main autonomic ganglia of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, were termed the AAG. There were concentrations ...
... their branches running to the urogenital organs of sheep there were concentrations of nerve cells forming ganglia which, due to the area of their occurrence and to differentiate them from the main autonomic ganglia of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, were termed the AAG. There were concentrations ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... of estimation errors, which tend to follow psychophysical performance. ...
... of estimation errors, which tend to follow psychophysical performance. ...
Gating of Sensory Input by Spontaneous Cortical Activity
... a semiautomatic algorithm (http://klustakwik.sourceforge.net) followed by manual clustering (http://klusters.sourceforge.net). Only neurons with firing rates higher than 1 Hz were used in further analysis, resulting in population sizes 17, 26, 32, and 45 for the four rats, respectively. After spike ...
... a semiautomatic algorithm (http://klustakwik.sourceforge.net) followed by manual clustering (http://klusters.sourceforge.net). Only neurons with firing rates higher than 1 Hz were used in further analysis, resulting in population sizes 17, 26, 32, and 45 for the four rats, respectively. After spike ...
what distinguishes conscious experience from unconscious processes
... idea of ‘fame in the brain’, or ‘political clout’. In these it is suggested that activity in the brain becomes consciously available by harnessing certain cortical resources, or achieving a certain influence in the brain. These sorts of things are what many suggest are driving attention. But even if ...
... idea of ‘fame in the brain’, or ‘political clout’. In these it is suggested that activity in the brain becomes consciously available by harnessing certain cortical resources, or achieving a certain influence in the brain. These sorts of things are what many suggest are driving attention. But even if ...
Temporal Firing Patterns of Purkinje Cells in the Cerebellar Ventral
... by an inverse dynamics representation, we can understand not only what information is encoded in that neural activity but also which portion of the motor command is still lacking. This might allow us to suggest what downstream neural structure and what parallel pathways are necessary to calculate th ...
... by an inverse dynamics representation, we can understand not only what information is encoded in that neural activity but also which portion of the motor command is still lacking. This might allow us to suggest what downstream neural structure and what parallel pathways are necessary to calculate th ...
Mechanisms of Neuronal Computation in Mammalian Visual Cortex
... explore how these properties, many of which are highly nonlinear, arise. We have found that many receptive field properties of V1 simple cells fall directly out of Hubel and Wiesel’s feedforward model when the model incorporates realistic neuronal and synaptic mechanisms, including threshold, synapt ...
... explore how these properties, many of which are highly nonlinear, arise. We have found that many receptive field properties of V1 simple cells fall directly out of Hubel and Wiesel’s feedforward model when the model incorporates realistic neuronal and synaptic mechanisms, including threshold, synapt ...
The Location and Function of NMDA Receptors in Cat
... timecourse on a digital storage oscilloscope (Hameg HM208, Port Washington, NY). Spike discharge times were recorded via an 80286 based microcomputer (PC’s Ltd.) using a Datalab data acquisition board (Tecmar, Cleveland, OH). Peristimulus time histograms were displayed online, enabling us to monitor ...
... timecourse on a digital storage oscilloscope (Hameg HM208, Port Washington, NY). Spike discharge times were recorded via an 80286 based microcomputer (PC’s Ltd.) using a Datalab data acquisition board (Tecmar, Cleveland, OH). Peristimulus time histograms were displayed online, enabling us to monitor ...
View PDF - UCLA.edu
... optic lobe (S. Attix et al., unpublished data). Glial cells in the larval eye–brain complex can be visualized using the nuclear glial cell–specific marker anti-Repo (Halter et al., 1995). R cell axons grow past subretinal glial cells at the base of the optic stalk as well as satellite glial cells, w ...
... optic lobe (S. Attix et al., unpublished data). Glial cells in the larval eye–brain complex can be visualized using the nuclear glial cell–specific marker anti-Repo (Halter et al., 1995). R cell axons grow past subretinal glial cells at the base of the optic stalk as well as satellite glial cells, w ...
Been There, Seen That: A Neural Mechanism for Performing
... Department of Neurobiology and 2Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, 3Department of Psychology and the Brain Research Institute, and 4Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, California ...
... Department of Neurobiology and 2Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, 3Department of Psychology and the Brain Research Institute, and 4Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, California ...
Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation
... tasks specialized to that area (for review, see Heller, Nitschke, Etienne, & Miller, 1997b), these impairments are thought to reflect decreased right hemisphere activity. However, Schaffer, Davidson, and Saron (1983) subsequently reported greater right than left prefrontal EEG activity in depression ...
... tasks specialized to that area (for review, see Heller, Nitschke, Etienne, & Miller, 1997b), these impairments are thought to reflect decreased right hemisphere activity. However, Schaffer, Davidson, and Saron (1983) subsequently reported greater right than left prefrontal EEG activity in depression ...
Nerve Cell Communication - URMC
... 6. Ask students to work in teams of 2-4 students to follow the instructions for Part 1: What are the parts of a neuron? Encourage students to use the information in the Biology Brief: Neurons as they work. 7. Check students’ structure label cards on the neuron. Initial on the line for teacher initia ...
... 6. Ask students to work in teams of 2-4 students to follow the instructions for Part 1: What are the parts of a neuron? Encourage students to use the information in the Biology Brief: Neurons as they work. 7. Check students’ structure label cards on the neuron. Initial on the line for teacher initia ...
pdf file - Center for Theoretical Neuroscience
... silencing cortical cells with topical application of muscimol, they could record from the LGN relay cell axons terminating within the corresponding region of layer 4. Surprisingly, the receptive fields of LGN axons recorded within a given vertical penetration formed a region in visual space that was ...
... silencing cortical cells with topical application of muscimol, they could record from the LGN relay cell axons terminating within the corresponding region of layer 4. Surprisingly, the receptive fields of LGN axons recorded within a given vertical penetration formed a region in visual space that was ...
Nerve Cell Communication - URMC
... 6. Ask students to work in teams of 2-4 students to follow the instructions for Part 1: What are the parts of a neuron? Encourage students to use the information in the Biology Brief: Neurons as they work. 7. Check students’ structure label cards on the neuron. Initial on the line for teacher initia ...
... 6. Ask students to work in teams of 2-4 students to follow the instructions for Part 1: What are the parts of a neuron? Encourage students to use the information in the Biology Brief: Neurons as they work. 7. Check students’ structure label cards on the neuron. Initial on the line for teacher initia ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... anatomical subdivisions within the rostral NST. The alternate sections for the remaining brains could not be used for histological analysis. Microscopic anal ysis. The tracing and counting of FLI-positive cells were performed by an experimenter who was unaware of either the surgical group or stimulu ...
... anatomical subdivisions within the rostral NST. The alternate sections for the remaining brains could not be used for histological analysis. Microscopic anal ysis. The tracing and counting of FLI-positive cells were performed by an experimenter who was unaware of either the surgical group or stimulu ...
The Gene Encoding Disabled-1 (DAB1), the Intracellular Adaptor of
... the most affected include those of the cortical plate in the cortex and hippocampus, Purkinje cells, and inferior olivary neurons. In human, mutations in Reelin result in a specific lissencephaly with mental retardation and severe abnormalities of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and brain stem (Norman- ...
... the most affected include those of the cortical plate in the cortex and hippocampus, Purkinje cells, and inferior olivary neurons. In human, mutations in Reelin result in a specific lissencephaly with mental retardation and severe abnormalities of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and brain stem (Norman- ...
Differentiating Noxious- and Innocuous
... role of the somatosensory cortices (SI and SII) in pain perception has long been in dispute. Human imaging studies demonstrate activation of SI and SII associated with painful stimuli, but results have been variable, and the functional relevance of any such activation is uncertain. The present study ...
... role of the somatosensory cortices (SI and SII) in pain perception has long been in dispute. Human imaging studies demonstrate activation of SI and SII associated with painful stimuli, but results have been variable, and the functional relevance of any such activation is uncertain. The present study ...
A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... Let Sju be the number of synapses in cortical layer u (of cat area 17) formed by the presynaptic neurons of type j and Nu the number of neurons in layer u. In its simplest form, Peters’s rule states that the Sju synapses distribute evenly over the Nu potential target neurons (i.e., each neuron in la ...
... Let Sju be the number of synapses in cortical layer u (of cat area 17) formed by the presynaptic neurons of type j and Nu the number of neurons in layer u. In its simplest form, Peters’s rule states that the Sju synapses distribute evenly over the Nu potential target neurons (i.e., each neuron in la ...
Pergamon - Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit
... ~:Department of Neurology, Emory University School Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A. Abstract--The modulatory actions of dopamine on the flow of cortical information through the basal ganglia are mediated mainly through two subtypes of receptors, the D 1 and D e receptors. In order to examine the precis ...
... ~:Department of Neurology, Emory University School Medicine, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A. Abstract--The modulatory actions of dopamine on the flow of cortical information through the basal ganglia are mediated mainly through two subtypes of receptors, the D 1 and D e receptors. In order to examine the precis ...
Infection Merozoite Surface Protein 1 During Malaria 19
... Spalt and Spalt-related are expressed in a partially overlapping pattern during embryonic peripheral nervous system development In order to understand the role of sal and salr during PNS development, we carried out a detailed analysis of their expression pattern in the trunk region during embryonic ...
... Spalt and Spalt-related are expressed in a partially overlapping pattern during embryonic peripheral nervous system development In order to understand the role of sal and salr during PNS development, we carried out a detailed analysis of their expression pattern in the trunk region during embryonic ...
ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REGULATION IN NEURONAL
... For instance, pioneer sensory axons growing from grasshopper explants lose their pathfinding capability upon cytochalasin treatment but still maintain their ability to grow (Bentley & Toroian-Raymond, 1986). Under these conditions sensory neuron growth cones are also devoid of filopodia, suggesting ...
... For instance, pioneer sensory axons growing from grasshopper explants lose their pathfinding capability upon cytochalasin treatment but still maintain their ability to grow (Bentley & Toroian-Raymond, 1986). Under these conditions sensory neuron growth cones are also devoid of filopodia, suggesting ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... directly connected but distinct inferior temporal areas. Despite this distinctness, physiological properties of neurons in these two areas generally have been similar with neurons in both areas showing selectivity for complex visual patterns and showing response modulations related to behavioral con ...
... directly connected but distinct inferior temporal areas. Despite this distinctness, physiological properties of neurons in these two areas generally have been similar with neurons in both areas showing selectivity for complex visual patterns and showing response modulations related to behavioral con ...
1 Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology
... may display the behavior only when it is feeling comfortable and relaxed. Similarly, you must always be concerned when a treatment alters behavior in the same way that general stress might alter it; perhaps the treatment distressed the animal and thereby changed the behavior, which reflects nothing a ...
... may display the behavior only when it is feeling comfortable and relaxed. Similarly, you must always be concerned when a treatment alters behavior in the same way that general stress might alter it; perhaps the treatment distressed the animal and thereby changed the behavior, which reflects nothing a ...
Towards the integration of neural mechanisms and cognition in
... How intelligence arises in humans is far to be completely unveiled. Understanding the brain mechanisms that make it possible is one of the most interesting and debated topics in neuroscience. However, recent advances speculate about that this is only half part of the story. Intelligent behaviours in ...
... How intelligence arises in humans is far to be completely unveiled. Understanding the brain mechanisms that make it possible is one of the most interesting and debated topics in neuroscience. However, recent advances speculate about that this is only half part of the story. Intelligent behaviours in ...
Multimodality Imaging
... signals and the real neuronal electrical activity within the region of the signal change. Nonetheless, fMRI is becoming a potentially exciting area for multimodality imaging. Functional neuroimaging using EEG together with fMRI, with its insight into blood oxygenation level– dependent dynamics and r ...
... signals and the real neuronal electrical activity within the region of the signal change. Nonetheless, fMRI is becoming a potentially exciting area for multimodality imaging. Functional neuroimaging using EEG together with fMRI, with its insight into blood oxygenation level– dependent dynamics and r ...
Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions during Learning May Occur by Lactate
... (Ling et al., 2012). Moreover, astrocytes have a high capacity for lactate uptake from extracellular fluid as well as for lactate dispersal via the astrocytic syncytium (Gandhi et al., 2009), and trafficking of glucose and its metabolites through astroglial networks via gap-junction (GJ) subunit pro ...
... (Ling et al., 2012). Moreover, astrocytes have a high capacity for lactate uptake from extracellular fluid as well as for lactate dispersal via the astrocytic syncytium (Gandhi et al., 2009), and trafficking of glucose and its metabolites through astroglial networks via gap-junction (GJ) subunit pro ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.