Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions during Learning May Occur by Lactate
... (Ling et al., 2012). Moreover, astrocytes have a high capacity for lactate uptake from extracellular fluid as well as for lactate dispersal via the astrocytic syncytium (Gandhi et al., 2009), and trafficking of glucose and its metabolites through astroglial networks via gap-junction (GJ) subunit pro ...
... (Ling et al., 2012). Moreover, astrocytes have a high capacity for lactate uptake from extracellular fluid as well as for lactate dispersal via the astrocytic syncytium (Gandhi et al., 2009), and trafficking of glucose and its metabolites through astroglial networks via gap-junction (GJ) subunit pro ...
Isoforms of the human histamine H receptor
... learning, and memory. The functional effects of histamine are exerted through the activation of four G protein-coupled receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4), and in the central nervous system the first three receptors are widely expressed. The H3 receptor (H3R) is found exclusively in neuronal cells, where ...
... learning, and memory. The functional effects of histamine are exerted through the activation of four G protein-coupled receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4), and in the central nervous system the first three receptors are widely expressed. The H3 receptor (H3R) is found exclusively in neuronal cells, where ...
Ch. 13 Nervous System Cells Textbook
... to changes that may occur in either the internal or external environment. The nervous and endocrine systems provide this capability. Information originating in sensory nerve endings found in complex special sense organs such as the eye and in simple receptors located in skin or other body tissues pr ...
... to changes that may occur in either the internal or external environment. The nervous and endocrine systems provide this capability. Information originating in sensory nerve endings found in complex special sense organs such as the eye and in simple receptors located in skin or other body tissues pr ...
Autometallographic Tracing of Bismuth in Human Brain Autopsies
... (1), catheters, in order to make them visible on x-ray films (2), and as shotgun pellets (3, 4). Despite its relatively low toxicity, bismuth treatments occasionally are accompanied by adverse side effects. The best-documented case of its neurotoxicity is the outbreak of bismuth encephalopathy among ...
... (1), catheters, in order to make them visible on x-ray films (2), and as shotgun pellets (3, 4). Despite its relatively low toxicity, bismuth treatments occasionally are accompanied by adverse side effects. The best-documented case of its neurotoxicity is the outbreak of bismuth encephalopathy among ...
Ethanol Neurotoxicity in the Developing Cerebellum
... other areas of the brain, makes them more susceptible to ethanol’s teratogenic effects [9,10]. During the course of cerebellar development, Purkinje cells and cerebellar granule neuron (CGNs) are developmentally regulated [11,12]. The CGNs are generated on the outer surface of cerebellum and form th ...
... other areas of the brain, makes them more susceptible to ethanol’s teratogenic effects [9,10]. During the course of cerebellar development, Purkinje cells and cerebellar granule neuron (CGNs) are developmentally regulated [11,12]. The CGNs are generated on the outer surface of cerebellum and form th ...
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... central nervous system display a broad spectrum of intrinsic electrophysiological properties that are absent in the traditional “integrate-and-fire” model. A network of neurons with these properties interacting through synaptic receptors with many time scales can produce complex patterns of activity ...
... central nervous system display a broad spectrum of intrinsic electrophysiological properties that are absent in the traditional “integrate-and-fire” model. A network of neurons with these properties interacting through synaptic receptors with many time scales can produce complex patterns of activity ...
psychology 2
... neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles • Enzyme: a complex protein that is manufactured by cells – One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen rapidly; reuptake would be too slow. ...
... neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles • Enzyme: a complex protein that is manufactured by cells – One type specifically breaks up acetylcholine because muscle activity needs to happen rapidly; reuptake would be too slow. ...
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
... with certain receptors can receive the signals. Think of your nervous system being like cable television. A physical wire connects your television to the cable provider. Similarly, your nervous system sends its signals through a physical network of specialized tissues. The nervous and endocrine sy ...
... with certain receptors can receive the signals. Think of your nervous system being like cable television. A physical wire connects your television to the cable provider. Similarly, your nervous system sends its signals through a physical network of specialized tissues. The nervous and endocrine sy ...
Contributions of cortical feedback to sensory processing in primary
... spatiotemporally predictable stimulation. This reduction is consistent with the suppression of predictable inputs in lower levels by feedback from higher areas (in this instance, V5; Vetter et al., 2013). Such observations are tailored to the assumptions made by predictive coding, and it is known th ...
... spatiotemporally predictable stimulation. This reduction is consistent with the suppression of predictable inputs in lower levels by feedback from higher areas (in this instance, V5; Vetter et al., 2013). Such observations are tailored to the assumptions made by predictive coding, and it is known th ...
Uncovering the Forgotten Effect of Superior Cervical Ganglia on
... for constriction of the pupils (30). The dilation of pupils is regulated by the sympathetic postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical ganglia (SCGs) which are located along the cervical and thoracic parts of spinal cord (35). Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes neuronal degeneration in the cil ...
... for constriction of the pupils (30). The dilation of pupils is regulated by the sympathetic postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical ganglia (SCGs) which are located along the cervical and thoracic parts of spinal cord (35). Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes neuronal degeneration in the cil ...
the spinal cord and the influence of its damage on
... In the healthy spinal cord, many axons secrete minute amounts of the neurotransmitter glutamate at their synapses. When this chemical binds to its receptors on target neurons, it stimulates those cells to fire impulses. But when spinal neurons, axons, or astrocytes are injured, they release a flood ...
... In the healthy spinal cord, many axons secrete minute amounts of the neurotransmitter glutamate at their synapses. When this chemical binds to its receptors on target neurons, it stimulates those cells to fire impulses. But when spinal neurons, axons, or astrocytes are injured, they release a flood ...
Structure-function relationship in hierarchical model of brain networks
... The mammalian brain is a complex system par excellence. This body organ is a unique mixture of various kinds of cells, linked by numerous synapses to form columns, circuits and areas. Brain anatomy, function, ongoing neurochemical processes, cognition and information transmission, all of them tightl ...
... The mammalian brain is a complex system par excellence. This body organ is a unique mixture of various kinds of cells, linked by numerous synapses to form columns, circuits and areas. Brain anatomy, function, ongoing neurochemical processes, cognition and information transmission, all of them tightl ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... PFC damage show stereotyped deficits in the WCST. They are able to acquire the initial mapping without much difficulty but are unable to adapt their behavior when the rule varies (Milner 1963). Monkeys with PFC lesions are impaired in an analog of this task (Dias et al 1996b, 1997) and in others whe ...
... PFC damage show stereotyped deficits in the WCST. They are able to acquire the initial mapping without much difficulty but are unable to adapt their behavior when the rule varies (Milner 1963). Monkeys with PFC lesions are impaired in an analog of this task (Dias et al 1996b, 1997) and in others whe ...
Capturing Brain Dynamics: a combined neuroscience and
... Neural synchronization ‣ A red Ferrari sports car drives by you’re perceiving: ...
... Neural synchronization ‣ A red Ferrari sports car drives by you’re perceiving: ...
18
... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
Segmentation of neuronal nuclei based on clump splitting
... binarization algorithm used in this step actually discards the neurons’ nuclei. Finally, we need only to invert the background again and subtract the (cleaned and filled) remaining binary image from the original binary image (Fig. 3(5) and (6), respectively). Once all the binary blobs have been proce ...
... binarization algorithm used in this step actually discards the neurons’ nuclei. Finally, we need only to invert the background again and subtract the (cleaned and filled) remaining binary image from the original binary image (Fig. 3(5) and (6), respectively). Once all the binary blobs have been proce ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reward in Insects - Chittka Lab
... appealing, but it did not explain how rewarded behavior was strengthened. Hull (31) proposed drive reduction theory to explain motivational systems underlying reward. This essentially stated that an organism had physiological needs that induced drives to obtain rewards. Rewards then reduced the driv ...
... appealing, but it did not explain how rewarded behavior was strengthened. Hull (31) proposed drive reduction theory to explain motivational systems underlying reward. This essentially stated that an organism had physiological needs that induced drives to obtain rewards. Rewards then reduced the driv ...
Mutations affecting the development of the embryonic zebrafish brain
... dorsal view. Note the reduced medial expression domain of pax[zf-b] (arrowhead). (C,D) Expression of pax[zf-b] at the midbrainhindbrain boundary (arrow) and pax6 (forebrain, eye anlage and hindbrain) in wild-type (C) and spgm216 mutant (D) embryos at the 10-somites stage; dorsal view. (E,F) Lateral ...
... dorsal view. Note the reduced medial expression domain of pax[zf-b] (arrowhead). (C,D) Expression of pax[zf-b] at the midbrainhindbrain boundary (arrow) and pax6 (forebrain, eye anlage and hindbrain) in wild-type (C) and spgm216 mutant (D) embryos at the 10-somites stage; dorsal view. (E,F) Lateral ...
Common Input to Motor Neurons Innervating the Same and Different
... receive similar inputs and that control a single muscle derives in part from these experimental observations on synaptic input organization. It is unclear, however, how the inputs to a pool of motor neurons might be organized for a muscle that is subdivided into different compartments (Loeb 1990). O ...
... receive similar inputs and that control a single muscle derives in part from these experimental observations on synaptic input organization. It is unclear, however, how the inputs to a pool of motor neurons might be organized for a muscle that is subdivided into different compartments (Loeb 1990). O ...
synaptic connections of morphologically identified and
... axo n, however, was recovered from the third basket cell. The lateral spread of the axons of the first two basket cells was 900 I'm or more in laye r III and, for the third cell, was over 1500 I'm in the antero-posterior dimension, a value indicating that the latter neuron probably fulfill s the fir ...
... axo n, however, was recovered from the third basket cell. The lateral spread of the axons of the first two basket cells was 900 I'm or more in laye r III and, for the third cell, was over 1500 I'm in the antero-posterior dimension, a value indicating that the latter neuron probably fulfill s the fir ...
Altered Patterns of Dynorphin lmmunoreactivity Suggest
... and CA3 fields and to dispersion of the granule cell somata. Specimens processed with the Timm’s sulfide silver method for heavy metals provided independent evidence for the distribution of mossy fibers. In both control and TLE specimens, the patterns of labeling were virtually identical to those of ...
... and CA3 fields and to dispersion of the granule cell somata. Specimens processed with the Timm’s sulfide silver method for heavy metals provided independent evidence for the distribution of mossy fibers. In both control and TLE specimens, the patterns of labeling were virtually identical to those of ...
Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role
... The details of the BG model are described in Frank (2005a, 2005b). In brief, the premotor cortex represents and “considers” two possible responses (R1 and R2) for each input stimulus. The BG system modulates which one of these responses is facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo ...
... The details of the BG model are described in Frank (2005a, 2005b). In brief, the premotor cortex represents and “considers” two possible responses (R1 and R2) for each input stimulus. The BG system modulates which one of these responses is facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo ...
Cortical connections of the visuomotor parietooccipital
... anterior bank of parietooccipital sulcus, where area V6A can be functionally recognized on the basis of the criteria previously described by Galletti and coworkers (1999b). Some V6A cells encountered along this penetration were activated by complex visual stimuli (light/dark gratings and corners of ...
... anterior bank of parietooccipital sulcus, where area V6A can be functionally recognized on the basis of the criteria previously described by Galletti and coworkers (1999b). Some V6A cells encountered along this penetration were activated by complex visual stimuli (light/dark gratings and corners of ...
ALGORITHMICS - Universitatea de Vest din Timisoara
... What is this course about ? Computational Intelligence “is a branch of the study of artificial intelligence; it aims to use learning, adaptive, or evolutionary algorithms to create programs that are, in some sense, intelligent. “ ...
... What is this course about ? Computational Intelligence “is a branch of the study of artificial intelligence; it aims to use learning, adaptive, or evolutionary algorithms to create programs that are, in some sense, intelligent. “ ...
Age-related differences in brain activity underlying identification of
... Downloaded from http://scan.oxfordjournals.org/ at Duke University on August 20, 2015 ...
... Downloaded from http://scan.oxfordjournals.org/ at Duke University on August 20, 2015 ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.