MAG, Nogo-A and NgR in Hippocampal Development and Regeneration TESIS DOCTORAL
... cultures Fig. 1.5. Model of the putative interactions between Nogo-A and NgR at the synapse Figure 1.7 Scheme of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Perfoant Patway (PP) axotomy comparing the reactivity of mature oligodendrocytes as assessed by regulation of MBP and MAG expression Figure 1.8. Overexpressio ...
... cultures Fig. 1.5. Model of the putative interactions between Nogo-A and NgR at the synapse Figure 1.7 Scheme of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Perfoant Patway (PP) axotomy comparing the reactivity of mature oligodendrocytes as assessed by regulation of MBP and MAG expression Figure 1.8. Overexpressio ...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Molecular Switches Regulating CNS
... Increasing evidence emphasise that the inability of injured CNS neurons to regenerate is not entirely associated with their intrinsic deficits, but rather attributed to the generation of an inhibitory environment in the CNS. After injury, severed axons retain, at least in part, the regenerative capa ...
... Increasing evidence emphasise that the inability of injured CNS neurons to regenerate is not entirely associated with their intrinsic deficits, but rather attributed to the generation of an inhibitory environment in the CNS. After injury, severed axons retain, at least in part, the regenerative capa ...
What Can an Orbitofrontal Cortex- Endowed Animal
... action potentials to electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb.5 From electrophysiological recordings in rodents, it is evident that these same structures are involved in olfactory discrimination learning,6,7 lending support to the idea that the OFC of “sub-primate” mammals was chiefly dedicated ...
... action potentials to electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb.5 From electrophysiological recordings in rodents, it is evident that these same structures are involved in olfactory discrimination learning,6,7 lending support to the idea that the OFC of “sub-primate” mammals was chiefly dedicated ...
Cortical Plasticity - Lund University Publications
... somatosensory cortex. Microelectrodes can be used for this purpose (Florence, Jain & Kaas, 1997). These microelectrodes can be made of glass and filled with concentrated NaCl and are used to make extracellular recordings of action potentials at a depth of 700-750 µm in cortex (Reinecke, Dinse, Reink ...
... somatosensory cortex. Microelectrodes can be used for this purpose (Florence, Jain & Kaas, 1997). These microelectrodes can be made of glass and filled with concentrated NaCl and are used to make extracellular recordings of action potentials at a depth of 700-750 µm in cortex (Reinecke, Dinse, Reink ...
Effect of Tactile Inputs on Thalamic Responses to Noxious
... been ample evidence to show that viscerosomatic convergence is a common phenomenon in this pathway (Foreman 1977, 1984; Gokin et al. 1977; Hancock et al. 1970, 1973, 1975; Ness and Gebhart 1991a,b; Selzer and Spencer 1969a,b; for review, see Gebhart and Ness 1991). Recent studies, however, have foun ...
... been ample evidence to show that viscerosomatic convergence is a common phenomenon in this pathway (Foreman 1977, 1984; Gokin et al. 1977; Hancock et al. 1970, 1973, 1975; Ness and Gebhart 1991a,b; Selzer and Spencer 1969a,b; for review, see Gebhart and Ness 1991). Recent studies, however, have foun ...
Saccadic Eye Movements Modulate Visual Responses in the Lateral
... We studied the effects of saccadic eye movements on visual signaling in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the earliest stage of central visual processing. Visual responses were probed with spatially uniform flickering stimuli, so that retinal processing was uninfluenced by eye movements. ...
... We studied the effects of saccadic eye movements on visual signaling in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the earliest stage of central visual processing. Visual responses were probed with spatially uniform flickering stimuli, so that retinal processing was uninfluenced by eye movements. ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... PKA demonstrated to be crucial for the late, protein synthesisdependent phase (6, 24–26). One of the signaling pathways that leads to protein synthesis involves PKA-mediated activation of MAPK, and subsequently, cAMP-response element-binding proteins (CREB) (6, 25, 27). Transgenic mice with a consti ...
... PKA demonstrated to be crucial for the late, protein synthesisdependent phase (6, 24–26). One of the signaling pathways that leads to protein synthesis involves PKA-mediated activation of MAPK, and subsequently, cAMP-response element-binding proteins (CREB) (6, 25, 27). Transgenic mice with a consti ...
The Neuropathology of Huntington`s Disease
... outlook to future studies in human HD neuroanatomy. A HD brain may be about 20–30 % less than a control brain in weight although this will be variable depending on the severity of the disease (Vonsattel and DiFiglia 1998). Major pathology occurs most prominently in the neostriatum which includes the ...
... outlook to future studies in human HD neuroanatomy. A HD brain may be about 20–30 % less than a control brain in weight although this will be variable depending on the severity of the disease (Vonsattel and DiFiglia 1998). Major pathology occurs most prominently in the neostriatum which includes the ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... Only on the basis of such prevalence numbers is it possible to interpret data on single-cell physiology (1–8) and synaptic connections of pairs of neurons (9–12) at the circuit level. The distribution of cortical neurons and INs has therefore been the objective of several studies over the past decad ...
... Only on the basis of such prevalence numbers is it possible to interpret data on single-cell physiology (1–8) and synaptic connections of pairs of neurons (9–12) at the circuit level. The distribution of cortical neurons and INs has therefore been the objective of several studies over the past decad ...
Preprint - University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences
... all possible combinations as a visual stimulus, and as an intended target, resulting in 16 experimental conditions. We held the target image fixed for short blocks of trials and we presented the same images as both targets and distractors in different blocks that were repeated several times. As monk ...
... all possible combinations as a visual stimulus, and as an intended target, resulting in 16 experimental conditions. We held the target image fixed for short blocks of trials and we presented the same images as both targets and distractors in different blocks that were repeated several times. As monk ...
Review Mitochondrial movement and positioning in axons
... characterized by the transient presence of one or more filopodia at the site of bead–axon contact, and beads that never induced any filopodia were not considered; (3) only neurons that had a single bead contacting the axon at least 100·µm away from both the growth cone and cell body were considered. ...
... characterized by the transient presence of one or more filopodia at the site of bead–axon contact, and beads that never induced any filopodia were not considered; (3) only neurons that had a single bead contacting the axon at least 100·µm away from both the growth cone and cell body were considered. ...
Clones in the chick diencephalon contain multiple
... are generally not expressed within morphologically or physiologically defined areas. Lineage analysis in the telencephalon has demonstrated that siblings spread over great distances to give rise to neurons in functionally and anatomically unrelated parts of the cerebral cortex (Walsh and Cepko, 1992 ...
... are generally not expressed within morphologically or physiologically defined areas. Lineage analysis in the telencephalon has demonstrated that siblings spread over great distances to give rise to neurons in functionally and anatomically unrelated parts of the cerebral cortex (Walsh and Cepko, 1992 ...
Thalamocortidal Axons Extend Along a Chondroitin Sulfate
... courses,even though both cell types were formerly in the preplate. Marginal zone neuronsextend processeswithin the marginal zone, eventually forming an elaborate network that is restricted to that layer (not illustrated). The axonsof many subplate neuronsleave the intensely immunolabeledsubplatealmo ...
... courses,even though both cell types were formerly in the preplate. Marginal zone neuronsextend processeswithin the marginal zone, eventually forming an elaborate network that is restricted to that layer (not illustrated). The axonsof many subplate neuronsleave the intensely immunolabeledsubplatealmo ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Temporal and spatial receptive field characteristics of tectal neurons
... different animals (Bair, 2005;Cai et al., 1997;DeAngelis et al., 1995;Hubel and Wiesel, 1959;Mancini et al., 1990;Martinez et al., 2005;Mechler and Ringach, 2002;Van Hooser et al., 2003). Typically, receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells have a center surround structure, where the best activatio ...
... different animals (Bair, 2005;Cai et al., 1997;DeAngelis et al., 1995;Hubel and Wiesel, 1959;Mancini et al., 1990;Martinez et al., 2005;Mechler and Ringach, 2002;Van Hooser et al., 2003). Typically, receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells have a center surround structure, where the best activatio ...
in Primate STT Cells Differentially Modulate Brief
... G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) provides excitatory and inhibitory controls of synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the nervous system. Eight mGluR subtypes have been cloned and are classified in three subgroups. Group I mGluRs can stimulate phosphoinositide ...
... G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) provides excitatory and inhibitory controls of synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the nervous system. Eight mGluR subtypes have been cloned and are classified in three subgroups. Group I mGluRs can stimulate phosphoinositide ...
Development and organization of glial cells in the peripheral
... (A-C) Proximal region of a 2206 wing stained with (A) anti-β-gal, (B) anti-HRP, (C) double exposure of the same wing displayed in A and B to show glial and neuronal organization simultaneously. Neurons indicated as in Fig 1. The L1 nerve (L1) merges (open arrowhead) with the L3 nerve (L3) in the pro ...
... (A-C) Proximal region of a 2206 wing stained with (A) anti-β-gal, (B) anti-HRP, (C) double exposure of the same wing displayed in A and B to show glial and neuronal organization simultaneously. Neurons indicated as in Fig 1. The L1 nerve (L1) merges (open arrowhead) with the L3 nerve (L3) in the pro ...
University of Birmingham Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a
... attention deficit disorder, autism, and other cognitive and psychiatric disorders (e.g., [6–9]). NTs underlie an endogenous mechanism of CNS repair [31], and disregulation of NGF underlies chronic pain (e.g., in cancer) [32]. Drosophila is a very powerful model organism used to understand gene networ ...
... attention deficit disorder, autism, and other cognitive and psychiatric disorders (e.g., [6–9]). NTs underlie an endogenous mechanism of CNS repair [31], and disregulation of NGF underlies chronic pain (e.g., in cancer) [32]. Drosophila is a very powerful model organism used to understand gene networ ...
Supraspinal control of ejaculation
... Dilates smooth muscle in vas deferens & seminal vesicles: can’t squeeze fluids Used to treat premature ejac. ...
... Dilates smooth muscle in vas deferens & seminal vesicles: can’t squeeze fluids Used to treat premature ejac. ...
A thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness
... Hz), simulating background activity, but showed shortterm depression in such amplitudes at gamma frequencies (more than 30 Hz), simulating sensory transmission [55]. The same study also found that intra-TRN inhibition suppresses TRN tonic-spike selectively at non-gamma stimulus frequencies, which ar ...
... Hz), simulating background activity, but showed shortterm depression in such amplitudes at gamma frequencies (more than 30 Hz), simulating sensory transmission [55]. The same study also found that intra-TRN inhibition suppresses TRN tonic-spike selectively at non-gamma stimulus frequencies, which ar ...
biology final
... understand that there are different types of stem cells: a. adult stem cells which are unspecialised cells that can develop into many, but not all, types of cells b. embryonic stem cells which are unspecialised cells that can develop into any type of cell understand that, as a result of being unspec ...
... understand that there are different types of stem cells: a. adult stem cells which are unspecialised cells that can develop into many, but not all, types of cells b. embryonic stem cells which are unspecialised cells that can develop into any type of cell understand that, as a result of being unspec ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
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... strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This thesis tested the hypothesis that the frontal eye field (FEF) are involved ...
... strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This thesis tested the hypothesis that the frontal eye field (FEF) are involved ...
Asymmetry of the Neuroendocrine System
... and recorded from lamina II neurons. These studies, obtained in adult rats, showed that the principal excitatory neurotransmitter released by both Aδ and C fibers is glutamate, acting on receptors of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA types (19). At membrane potentials close to the neuron rest ...
... and recorded from lamina II neurons. These studies, obtained in adult rats, showed that the principal excitatory neurotransmitter released by both Aδ and C fibers is glutamate, acting on receptors of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA types (19). At membrane potentials close to the neuron rest ...
Sample Chapter 8 from the Textbook
... (figure 8.6). Each oligodendrocyte process or Schwann cell repeatedly wraps around a segment of an axon to form a series of tightly wrapped cell membranes. A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of multiple neurons, usually contains more unmyelinated than myelinated axons. Myelin is an excel ...
... (figure 8.6). Each oligodendrocyte process or Schwann cell repeatedly wraps around a segment of an axon to form a series of tightly wrapped cell membranes. A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of multiple neurons, usually contains more unmyelinated than myelinated axons. Myelin is an excel ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.