PII: S0006-8993(97) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... since vacated synaptic sites no doubt existed in the denervated cuneate nucleus Žsee Fig. 6B,C.. It seemed reasonable to hypothesize that modest sprouting at the level of the brainstem could, through divergence, innervate a larger population of neurons in the thalamus which could consequently drive ...
... since vacated synaptic sites no doubt existed in the denervated cuneate nucleus Žsee Fig. 6B,C.. It seemed reasonable to hypothesize that modest sprouting at the level of the brainstem could, through divergence, innervate a larger population of neurons in the thalamus which could consequently drive ...
Wind Direction Coding in the Cockroach Escape Response: Winner
... measurements somewhat underestimated the movements of the CF joints of the front legs, because these front legs are held at an angle oblique to the view of the camera. We transformed these data into a single parameter that could describe turn direction. For this, we combined the data from all six le ...
... measurements somewhat underestimated the movements of the CF joints of the front legs, because these front legs are held at an angle oblique to the view of the camera. We transformed these data into a single parameter that could describe turn direction. For this, we combined the data from all six le ...
An Integrative Theory on Prefrontal Cortex Function
... PFC damage show stereotyped deficits in the WCST. They are able to acquire the initial mapping without much difficulty but are unable to adapt their behavior when the rule varies (Milner 1963). Monkeys with PFC lesions are impaired in an analog of this task (Dias et al 1996b, 1997) and in others whe ...
... PFC damage show stereotyped deficits in the WCST. They are able to acquire the initial mapping without much difficulty but are unable to adapt their behavior when the rule varies (Milner 1963). Monkeys with PFC lesions are impaired in an analog of this task (Dias et al 1996b, 1997) and in others whe ...
Grid Cell Mechanisms and Function: Contributions of Michael E. Hasselmo*
... synaptic input from a population of head direction cells with the opposite angle of preference. (Alternately, two populations receiving separate head direction input could converge to neurons providing input to the grid cell.) A simple example is shown in Figures 1C and 2A for persistent spiking cel ...
... synaptic input from a population of head direction cells with the opposite angle of preference. (Alternately, two populations receiving separate head direction input could converge to neurons providing input to the grid cell.) A simple example is shown in Figures 1C and 2A for persistent spiking cel ...
Comparative Study of c-Fos Expression in Rat Dorsal Vagal
... DMV, NTS and AP have complicated neuronal contact and close correlation in function, so that they constitute the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) (4). Thus, DVC and NA are the primary nerve centres that regulate gastric functions. Nevertheless, whether the neurons of DMV, NTS, AP and NA are excited, and c ...
... DMV, NTS and AP have complicated neuronal contact and close correlation in function, so that they constitute the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) (4). Thus, DVC and NA are the primary nerve centres that regulate gastric functions. Nevertheless, whether the neurons of DMV, NTS, AP and NA are excited, and c ...
BOOK 1: Nervous system anatomy and function
... typically made of glass or metal -- to record the number of action potentials a dopamine neuron generates. This technique is called electrophysiology or monitoring the “electrical functioning” of the neuron. The frequency of action potentials or firing rate (the number of action potentials “fired” o ...
... typically made of glass or metal -- to record the number of action potentials a dopamine neuron generates. This technique is called electrophysiology or monitoring the “electrical functioning” of the neuron. The frequency of action potentials or firing rate (the number of action potentials “fired” o ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... or integration are comparatively rare. Furthermore, when neurons receiving auditory and somatosensory inputs have been reported, they showed the lowest incidence among the different patterns of multisensory convergence (Meredith and Stein, 1986; Wallace et al., 1992, 1993; Jiang et al., 1994a,b). Al ...
... or integration are comparatively rare. Furthermore, when neurons receiving auditory and somatosensory inputs have been reported, they showed the lowest incidence among the different patterns of multisensory convergence (Meredith and Stein, 1986; Wallace et al., 1992, 1993; Jiang et al., 1994a,b). Al ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... sampled at 400 Hz. All biopotentials were digitized on-line with a PC running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG art ...
... sampled at 400 Hz. All biopotentials were digitized on-line with a PC running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG art ...
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?
... where chimpanzees seem to greatly outperform elephants are those in which highly coordinated, fine-grained cognitive responses would appear to be paramount. Another biological difference influencing cognitive behavior involves those responses where binocular vision could play a major role. Elephants h ...
... where chimpanzees seem to greatly outperform elephants are those in which highly coordinated, fine-grained cognitive responses would appear to be paramount. Another biological difference influencing cognitive behavior involves those responses where binocular vision could play a major role. Elephants h ...
attention - CMU Graphics
... ● Receptive field ● Changes strength of neurons’ response without changing underlying response properties ● Enhances synchronization of neuronal activity ● Spatial attention will increase the gain of all neurons whose receptive field overlaps the current attentional focus, creating an enhanced repre ...
... ● Receptive field ● Changes strength of neurons’ response without changing underlying response properties ● Enhances synchronization of neuronal activity ● Spatial attention will increase the gain of all neurons whose receptive field overlaps the current attentional focus, creating an enhanced repre ...
Activity of Bipolar Potential Generation in Paramecium
... system controlled by stable timing clock established in neural group [1-4]. A single neuron operates as an active device for amplification of reception potentials (signals) and/or generation of positive potential pulses [5,6]. Principle of operations in living neural system still remains unknown exc ...
... system controlled by stable timing clock established in neural group [1-4]. A single neuron operates as an active device for amplification of reception potentials (signals) and/or generation of positive potential pulses [5,6]. Principle of operations in living neural system still remains unknown exc ...
mTOR pathway – novel modulator of astrocyte activity.
... by pro-inflammatory cytokines while no strong effect on astrocytes was observed. These studies demonstrate that mTOR differentially regulates iNOS activity and expression depending on the cell type or activating stimulus, with consequent variable effects in glial cells. In microglial cells rapamycin ...
... by pro-inflammatory cytokines while no strong effect on astrocytes was observed. These studies demonstrate that mTOR differentially regulates iNOS activity and expression depending on the cell type or activating stimulus, with consequent variable effects in glial cells. In microglial cells rapamycin ...
- TestbankU
... Sometimes, it is helpful to take concepts that students are unfamiliar with and place them in a more familiar context. Remind the students that these are models and may not work the same as the real thing, but you can get past some cognitive barriers by making connections to the student’s current ex ...
... Sometimes, it is helpful to take concepts that students are unfamiliar with and place them in a more familiar context. Remind the students that these are models and may not work the same as the real thing, but you can get past some cognitive barriers by making connections to the student’s current ex ...
Sprecher_2011_larval.. - Institute of Neuroinformatics
... Fig. 1. Elements of the larval optic neuropil (LON). All panels show schematic or confocal images representing frontal section of a first instar larval brain hemisphere; lateral to the left, dorsal up. A: Labeling with anti-Neuroglian (Ngl), showing neuronal cell bodies in cortex (co) and nerve proce ...
... Fig. 1. Elements of the larval optic neuropil (LON). All panels show schematic or confocal images representing frontal section of a first instar larval brain hemisphere; lateral to the left, dorsal up. A: Labeling with anti-Neuroglian (Ngl), showing neuronal cell bodies in cortex (co) and nerve proce ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... function. It is therefore important to understand the regulatory mechanisms for the activity of STN neurons. In the present study, we aimed to investigate how the intrinsic membrane properties of STN neurons interact with their synaptic inputs, focusing on their generation and the properties of the ...
... function. It is therefore important to understand the regulatory mechanisms for the activity of STN neurons. In the present study, we aimed to investigate how the intrinsic membrane properties of STN neurons interact with their synaptic inputs, focusing on their generation and the properties of the ...
Visual and oculomotor selection: links, causes and
... Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ...
... Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ...
α-Synuclein and dopamine at the crossroads of Parkinson`s disease
... recovery from paired-pulse depression (PPD) that has been reported in striatal slices in one study [44], although another study found no such change in PPD [53]. Mice lacking either α- or γ-synuclein alone do not show changes in the levels of electrically evoked dopamine release in the striatum [53] ...
... recovery from paired-pulse depression (PPD) that has been reported in striatal slices in one study [44], although another study found no such change in PPD [53]. Mice lacking either α- or γ-synuclein alone do not show changes in the levels of electrically evoked dopamine release in the striatum [53] ...
studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... The building of a nervous system during development can be divided into three phases: the generation of the correct cells in the correct places, the outgrowth of nerve processes, and the formation of synapses. All of these phases show a high degree of specificity, which means that a large amount of ...
... The building of a nervous system during development can be divided into three phases: the generation of the correct cells in the correct places, the outgrowth of nerve processes, and the formation of synapses. All of these phases show a high degree of specificity, which means that a large amount of ...
Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field
... disparity during either early or late responses. Motion and disparity are both properties widely associated with the dorsal visual stream (Felleman and Van Essen 1991). Given the strong anatomic connections between FEF and dorsal areas, it is therefore not surprising to find FEF neurons selective fo ...
... disparity during either early or late responses. Motion and disparity are both properties widely associated with the dorsal visual stream (Felleman and Van Essen 1991). Given the strong anatomic connections between FEF and dorsal areas, it is therefore not surprising to find FEF neurons selective fo ...
Biological Rhythms: 2 Day Circadian Examples Biorhythms
... • Retinal blindness can disturb resetting if it affects these ganglion cells • Some blind individuals have “free-running rhythms” for this reason. • But under normal conditions our internal clock itself is very resistant to disruption. ...
... • Retinal blindness can disturb resetting if it affects these ganglion cells • Some blind individuals have “free-running rhythms” for this reason. • But under normal conditions our internal clock itself is very resistant to disruption. ...
Corina Wirth and Hans
... We have organized the result section in the following way. First, a pharmacological analysis of the sLFPs recorded by the individual MEA electrodes will be presented and the excitatory and inhibitory signal components will be determined. Second, evidence that the early excitatory and inhibitory acti ...
... We have organized the result section in the following way. First, a pharmacological analysis of the sLFPs recorded by the individual MEA electrodes will be presented and the excitatory and inhibitory signal components will be determined. Second, evidence that the early excitatory and inhibitory acti ...
Expression of the zebrafish gene hlx
... the entire ventral neuraxis do not form, have provided evidence that, also in the rostral brain, neural tissues located at the ventral midline have organizational functions (Hatta et al., 1991; Hatta, 1992). Moreover, analyses of genetic mosaics of cyc-1 indicate that mutant cells of the ventral mid ...
... the entire ventral neuraxis do not form, have provided evidence that, also in the rostral brain, neural tissues located at the ventral midline have organizational functions (Hatta et al., 1991; Hatta, 1992). Moreover, analyses of genetic mosaics of cyc-1 indicate that mutant cells of the ventral mid ...
Key Points: Neuroscience Exam #2 Lecture 16 and 17: Development of
... Delayed awareness: spinal reflexes occur without immediate conscious awareness you will feel pain later bc it has to go up to higher centers Reflex suppression: reflexes can be suppressed by conscious thought (higher centers) o You can hold on to a pot of boiling water in order to save a child fro ...
... Delayed awareness: spinal reflexes occur without immediate conscious awareness you will feel pain later bc it has to go up to higher centers Reflex suppression: reflexes can be suppressed by conscious thought (higher centers) o You can hold on to a pot of boiling water in order to save a child fro ...
The Glia Response after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Comparison
... precursors (SCPs); (2) immature SCs (iSCs); and (3) myelinating (mSCs) or non-myelinating (nmSCs) SCs [19]. Firstly, neural crest cells will develop into SCPs (14–15 of gestation in rats; days 12–13 in mice; and around the 12th week in humans [20]). Shortly thereafter, these SCPs will differentiate ...
... precursors (SCPs); (2) immature SCs (iSCs); and (3) myelinating (mSCs) or non-myelinating (nmSCs) SCs [19]. Firstly, neural crest cells will develop into SCPs (14–15 of gestation in rats; days 12–13 in mice; and around the 12th week in humans [20]). Shortly thereafter, these SCPs will differentiate ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.