Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... anxiogenic stimuli. We will focus here on the function of BST in brain reward circuitry, particularly in terms of its connectivity with the mesolimbic DA system, and the major role it plays in modulating DA neuronal activity. We refer also to an excellent review for studies on the role of BST in the ...
... anxiogenic stimuli. We will focus here on the function of BST in brain reward circuitry, particularly in terms of its connectivity with the mesolimbic DA system, and the major role it plays in modulating DA neuronal activity. We refer also to an excellent review for studies on the role of BST in the ...
Axo-axonic synapses formed by somatostatin
... In cerebral cortex of rat and monkey, the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM) marks a population of nonpyramidal cells (McDonald et al. [1982] J. Neurocytol. 11:809 – 824; Hendry et al. [1984] J. Neurosci. 4:2497:2517; Laemle and Feldman [1985] J. Comp. Neurol. 233:452– 462; Meineke and Peters [1986] J. ...
... In cerebral cortex of rat and monkey, the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM) marks a population of nonpyramidal cells (McDonald et al. [1982] J. Neurocytol. 11:809 – 824; Hendry et al. [1984] J. Neurosci. 4:2497:2517; Laemle and Feldman [1985] J. Comp. Neurol. 233:452– 462; Meineke and Peters [1986] J. ...
Introduction
... For watermarking to be successful 1.Unobtrusive 2.robust In other words, one would like to insert the watermark with maximum strength before it becomes visible to the human visual system(HVS) ...
... For watermarking to be successful 1.Unobtrusive 2.robust In other words, one would like to insert the watermark with maximum strength before it becomes visible to the human visual system(HVS) ...
NIH Public Access
... Toward the end of the 1990s, technological and methodological advances allowed for more precise measurement of cortical thickness (Fischl and Dale 2000; Kabani et al. 2001), which is considered to reflect the packing density of neurons, as well as other components of the neuropil. Similar to volume, ...
... Toward the end of the 1990s, technological and methodological advances allowed for more precise measurement of cortical thickness (Fischl and Dale 2000; Kabani et al. 2001), which is considered to reflect the packing density of neurons, as well as other components of the neuropil. Similar to volume, ...
Anatomy Written Exam #2 Cranial Nerves Introduction Embryological
... All thalamic nuclei, except or the reticular nucleus, project to IPSILATERAL cerebral cortex 1. Specific Nuclei- have point to point projections between individual thalamic nuclei and restricted cortical zones o Have well-defined sensory and motor functions 2. Non-specific Nuclei- receive less fun ...
... All thalamic nuclei, except or the reticular nucleus, project to IPSILATERAL cerebral cortex 1. Specific Nuclei- have point to point projections between individual thalamic nuclei and restricted cortical zones o Have well-defined sensory and motor functions 2. Non-specific Nuclei- receive less fun ...
BNG/Briefing 18 - British Society for Neuroendocrinology
... Production of estrogens at puberty is not only important for sexual development in girls, but also in boys. Indeed, a genetic loss of estrogen receptors can result in infertility in male mammals. It has been suggested that increased exposure to environmental estrogens which interfere with the body’s ...
... Production of estrogens at puberty is not only important for sexual development in girls, but also in boys. Indeed, a genetic loss of estrogen receptors can result in infertility in male mammals. It has been suggested that increased exposure to environmental estrogens which interfere with the body’s ...
الشريحة 1
... The discs are isolated in rods , but in cones they connects to cell membrane . The discs are of great importance because the visual pigments , which capture the photons to begin the visual process , appear to be built into the discs . The visual pigments are insoluble . They are intrinsic membrane p ...
... The discs are isolated in rods , but in cones they connects to cell membrane . The discs are of great importance because the visual pigments , which capture the photons to begin the visual process , appear to be built into the discs . The visual pigments are insoluble . They are intrinsic membrane p ...
Lesson 1 - SEL at Meigs
... stronger cell connections each time you repeat a thought or action. To do this, we will be building our own neuron models out of food! You will be given four different types of food so that each food item can be used for a different part of the neuron. Facilitator discusses diagram: Say: The dia ...
... stronger cell connections each time you repeat a thought or action. To do this, we will be building our own neuron models out of food! You will be given four different types of food so that each food item can be used for a different part of the neuron. Facilitator discusses diagram: Say: The dia ...
chapter 43 mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs
... Voltage-gated sodium channels are multimeric protein complexes, composed of a large α subunit that forms four subunit-like homologous domains (designated I to IV) and one or more smaller β subunits (3). The ion-conducting pore is contained within the α subunit, as are the elements of the channel tha ...
... Voltage-gated sodium channels are multimeric protein complexes, composed of a large α subunit that forms four subunit-like homologous domains (designated I to IV) and one or more smaller β subunits (3). The ion-conducting pore is contained within the α subunit, as are the elements of the channel tha ...
the giant serotonergic neuron of aplysia: a multi
... One varicosity was reconstructed completely from a se- Bailey et al. (1979, 1981b), Graubard (1978), and Tremries of consecutive thin sections using the methods of blay et al. (1979) have shown quite clearly that they exist. We have used their criteria to recognize an active zone; ...
... One varicosity was reconstructed completely from a se- Bailey et al. (1979, 1981b), Graubard (1978), and Tremries of consecutive thin sections using the methods of blay et al. (1979) have shown quite clearly that they exist. We have used their criteria to recognize an active zone; ...
Intention, Action Planning, and Decision Making in Parietal
... include areas in the frontal lobe connected to PPC, particularly the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and other areas within the PPC, such as area 5. In the final section, we will show examples of ‘‘proof of concept’’ in which the action-related activity in the PPC and PMd cortex can be decoded and use ...
... include areas in the frontal lobe connected to PPC, particularly the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and other areas within the PPC, such as area 5. In the final section, we will show examples of ‘‘proof of concept’’ in which the action-related activity in the PPC and PMd cortex can be decoded and use ...
Short-Lasting Classical Conditioning Induces
... d for 3 d. Altogether, these animals (n = 7) received 120 pairings of CS + UCS. One day after the end of training the cortical representation of row B was mapped with 2DG. A second group of mice (n = 4) had the 2DG mapping experiment done with a delay of 3 d after the end of training, and a third on ...
... d for 3 d. Altogether, these animals (n = 7) received 120 pairings of CS + UCS. One day after the end of training the cortical representation of row B was mapped with 2DG. A second group of mice (n = 4) had the 2DG mapping experiment done with a delay of 3 d after the end of training, and a third on ...
Basal Ganglia and Associated Pathways
... In addition to the projection neurons (spiny neurons), the striatum also contains large interneurons called aspiny neurons. These neurons are excitatory and use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. They seem to preferentially excite projection neurons in the striatum which are part of the indirect ...
... In addition to the projection neurons (spiny neurons), the striatum also contains large interneurons called aspiny neurons. These neurons are excitatory and use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. They seem to preferentially excite projection neurons in the striatum which are part of the indirect ...
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and
... its own peripheral innervation area. Briefly, the ophtalmic nerve innervates the forehead, upper eyelid, cornea, conjunctiva, dorsum of the nose, and the mucosa of frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, and the anterior portion of the nose; the maxillary nerve supplies the upper lip, lateral portion ...
... its own peripheral innervation area. Briefly, the ophtalmic nerve innervates the forehead, upper eyelid, cornea, conjunctiva, dorsum of the nose, and the mucosa of frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, and the anterior portion of the nose; the maxillary nerve supplies the upper lip, lateral portion ...
computer modelling of neural network of undeveloped living creatures
... These stations can be interpreted as the results of the research. In the beginning the beetles suffer from different problems: they move too slow, get stuck at wall, lose the smell of food. Later on after growth of speed the low accuracy causes problem. To resolve these insufficiencies different for ...
... These stations can be interpreted as the results of the research. In the beginning the beetles suffer from different problems: they move too slow, get stuck at wall, lose the smell of food. Later on after growth of speed the low accuracy causes problem. To resolve these insufficiencies different for ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitect ...
... mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitect ...
Mechanisms for Sensing Fat in Food in the Mouth
... This paper summarizes evidence on how fat in food is sensed in the mouth, how the pleasantness of fat texture is represented in the brain (Rolls 2011b), and some of the implications for the design of foods relevant to the prevention and treatment of obesity (Rolls 2011c). This is an important issue, ...
... This paper summarizes evidence on how fat in food is sensed in the mouth, how the pleasantness of fat texture is represented in the brain (Rolls 2011b), and some of the implications for the design of foods relevant to the prevention and treatment of obesity (Rolls 2011c). This is an important issue, ...
Dependence of the input-firing rate curve of neural cells on
... axon. Now that the structure is exposed and we have a global idea of what is going on in the neuron, we will as promised take a closer look at the behaviour of the gates whilst generating a pulse/ an action potential. Inside the cell, as told, potassium is kept at a relatively high level, and sodium ...
... axon. Now that the structure is exposed and we have a global idea of what is going on in the neuron, we will as promised take a closer look at the behaviour of the gates whilst generating a pulse/ an action potential. Inside the cell, as told, potassium is kept at a relatively high level, and sodium ...
Animal responses to the environment
... A receptor is stimulated by a change in the environment and produces impulses. Dendrites of a sensory neuron conduct these nerve impulses to the cell body. Nerve impulses are conducted from the cell body along a single axon to the terminal branches. Ends of terminal branches do not touch the dendrit ...
... A receptor is stimulated by a change in the environment and produces impulses. Dendrites of a sensory neuron conduct these nerve impulses to the cell body. Nerve impulses are conducted from the cell body along a single axon to the terminal branches. Ends of terminal branches do not touch the dendrit ...
Adaptive neural coding: from biological to behavioral decision
... Context-dependent neural value coding. (a) Modulation by spatial context in monkey lateral intraparietal area (LIP) neurons. Left, average firing rate histograms as a function of time, segregated by the value context of the array of alternatives. Despite a constant reward associated with the neural ...
... Context-dependent neural value coding. (a) Modulation by spatial context in monkey lateral intraparietal area (LIP) neurons. Left, average firing rate histograms as a function of time, segregated by the value context of the array of alternatives. Despite a constant reward associated with the neural ...
Centrosome Motility Is Essential for Initial Axon Formation in the Neocortex
... Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and 3Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ...
... Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and 3Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ...
cerebellar projections to the superior colliculus in the cat1
... in the ipsilateral fastigius nucleus were situated preferentially in medial sectors of the nucleus (Figs. 1 and 5F). The injections placed in the rostral part of the superior colliculus gave rise to the greatest number of labeled neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. The injections placed rostrally and ...
... in the ipsilateral fastigius nucleus were situated preferentially in medial sectors of the nucleus (Figs. 1 and 5F). The injections placed in the rostral part of the superior colliculus gave rise to the greatest number of labeled neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. The injections placed rostrally and ...
8-9 Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli
... • A rapid autonomic motor response to external stimulation » Coordinated within spinal cord through interconnected sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons » Produce simple and complex reflexes » Basic building blocks of neural function ...
... • A rapid autonomic motor response to external stimulation » Coordinated within spinal cord through interconnected sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons » Produce simple and complex reflexes » Basic building blocks of neural function ...
Critical Periods:
... these cellular mechanisms of learning and memory have been observed within the hippocampus – these changes are thought to reflect learning and formation of short-term memories especially associated with tasks involving spatial cues ...
... these cellular mechanisms of learning and memory have been observed within the hippocampus – these changes are thought to reflect learning and formation of short-term memories especially associated with tasks involving spatial cues ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.