Prosjektoppgave - Mirror neurons_ver4.2
... movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neurons showed any activity during the observation phase (3). Furthermore, because the monkey would usually be watching its own movements, the behavior the recorded neurons display ...
... movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neurons showed any activity during the observation phase (3). Furthermore, because the monkey would usually be watching its own movements, the behavior the recorded neurons display ...
Raphe Magnus Neurons Respond to Noxious Colorectal Distension
... evoked by noxious tail heat— can predict the function of ON and OFF cells. This is surprising because ON and OFF cell responses to noxious tail heat are not perfectly correlated with responses to noxious stimuli of other modalities (mechanical, chemical) or applied to other cutaneous regions (Ellric ...
... evoked by noxious tail heat— can predict the function of ON and OFF cells. This is surprising because ON and OFF cell responses to noxious tail heat are not perfectly correlated with responses to noxious stimuli of other modalities (mechanical, chemical) or applied to other cutaneous regions (Ellric ...
An Introduction to the ANS and Higher
... • All release ACh as neurotransmitter • Small, with narrow synaptic clefts • Effects of stimulation are short lived • Inactivated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at synapse • ACh is also inactivated by tissue cholinesterase in surrounding tissues ...
... • All release ACh as neurotransmitter • Small, with narrow synaptic clefts • Effects of stimulation are short lived • Inactivated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at synapse • ACh is also inactivated by tissue cholinesterase in surrounding tissues ...
Consciousness_12
... neurosciences. Evidence will be examined that bears on the validity of Pribram's theory and the more conventional ideas that images are directly stored in the brain in the form of points and edges (without any transformation that distributes the information over large regions). Where possible, the s ...
... neurosciences. Evidence will be examined that bears on the validity of Pribram's theory and the more conventional ideas that images are directly stored in the brain in the form of points and edges (without any transformation that distributes the information over large regions). Where possible, the s ...
FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... The subject of the interface between motivation and action--between timbic and motor systems---can be traced back to the classical experiments of Hess (1957). This Swiss neurophysiologist is widely recognized for his fundamental contributions in mapping the central representation of the parasympathe ...
... The subject of the interface between motivation and action--between timbic and motor systems---can be traced back to the classical experiments of Hess (1957). This Swiss neurophysiologist is widely recognized for his fundamental contributions in mapping the central representation of the parasympathe ...
Mirror Neurons: Findings and Functions
... After the first experiment, a great amount of research has provided evidence for the location of the MNS and its properties. This research has shown that there appear to be other areas with mirror properties. Besides the premotor area, one of its important input areas, the rostral inferior parietal ...
... After the first experiment, a great amount of research has provided evidence for the location of the MNS and its properties. This research has shown that there appear to be other areas with mirror properties. Besides the premotor area, one of its important input areas, the rostral inferior parietal ...
Sympathetic nervous system
... • Synaptic Transmission: the process by which nerve impulses are carried across the small gap, the synapse, between one neuron and another. The nerve impulse is an electrical signal which is carried by chemicals called neurotransmitters. • This happens at very high speed e.g. visual information seem ...
... • Synaptic Transmission: the process by which nerve impulses are carried across the small gap, the synapse, between one neuron and another. The nerve impulse is an electrical signal which is carried by chemicals called neurotransmitters. • This happens at very high speed e.g. visual information seem ...
Drives and emotions: the hypothalamus and limbic system
... Figure 23-3 A, Regions of the hypothalamus and pituitary in midsagittal view. The entire area filled with diagonal lines is the tuber cinereum. The crosshatched portion of the tuber cinereum is the median eminence. B, The medial surface of the hypothalamus. C, Myelin-stained parasagittal section of ...
... Figure 23-3 A, Regions of the hypothalamus and pituitary in midsagittal view. The entire area filled with diagonal lines is the tuber cinereum. The crosshatched portion of the tuber cinereum is the median eminence. B, The medial surface of the hypothalamus. C, Myelin-stained parasagittal section of ...
Somatostatin-Expressing Inhibitory Interneurons in Cortical Circuits
... Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that ca ...
... Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that ca ...
Neurons - LPS.org
... messages among millions of neurons—from your fingertips, your eyeballs, your ears, your nose, and your mouth to the proper area of the brain for processing. As a stereo uses metal wires, your body uses living wires known as nerves, constructed of individual neurons. Those that connect the sense orga ...
... messages among millions of neurons—from your fingertips, your eyeballs, your ears, your nose, and your mouth to the proper area of the brain for processing. As a stereo uses metal wires, your body uses living wires known as nerves, constructed of individual neurons. Those that connect the sense orga ...
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING A
... Table 1. The same cue types were used for each animal throughout training; thus, the noise, tone, flashing light, and solid light stimuli (described above) were made to correspond to cues A, B, X, and Y, respectively. All cues were always presented for 10 s. Preconditioning. Rats were divided into ...
... Table 1. The same cue types were used for each animal throughout training; thus, the noise, tone, flashing light, and solid light stimuli (described above) were made to correspond to cues A, B, X, and Y, respectively. All cues were always presented for 10 s. Preconditioning. Rats were divided into ...
Fractalkine is a “find-me” signal released by neurons
... fractalkine signaling modulates the inflammatory response of microglia (Mizuno et al., 2003; Noda et al., 2011). However, whether fractalkine signaling promotes a beneficial versus a detrimental response has been unclear, as studies have come to different conclusions depending on the injury model and ...
... fractalkine signaling modulates the inflammatory response of microglia (Mizuno et al., 2003; Noda et al., 2011). However, whether fractalkine signaling promotes a beneficial versus a detrimental response has been unclear, as studies have come to different conclusions depending on the injury model and ...
the koniocellular pathway in primate vision
... and well understood. In studies conducted by Casagrande and her colleagues, the aggregation of K cells into two wide layers was exploited to determine the connectional and physiological properties of these neurons (Casagrande & DeBruyn 1982, Casagrande 1994). As is described below, much of this work ...
... and well understood. In studies conducted by Casagrande and her colleagues, the aggregation of K cells into two wide layers was exploited to determine the connectional and physiological properties of these neurons (Casagrande & DeBruyn 1982, Casagrande 1994). As is described below, much of this work ...
How MT cells analyze the motion of visual patterns
... Pattern and component direction selectivity The challenge for an MT model can be understood by considering the responses of MT cells to a set of stimuli consisting of sinusoidal gratings moving in all directions and all the plaids that can be constructed by additive combinations of these gratings (F ...
... Pattern and component direction selectivity The challenge for an MT model can be understood by considering the responses of MT cells to a set of stimuli consisting of sinusoidal gratings moving in all directions and all the plaids that can be constructed by additive combinations of these gratings (F ...
The differing effects of occipital and trunk somites on neural
... small ganglion associated with the most caudal hypoglossal motor root, which later disappeared. Wilhelm His (1888) extended the observation to human embryos (but see O'Rahilly & Muller, 1984), and Chiarugi (1889) and Froriep & Beck (1895) went on to describe it in many other species. With some varia ...
... small ganglion associated with the most caudal hypoglossal motor root, which later disappeared. Wilhelm His (1888) extended the observation to human embryos (but see O'Rahilly & Muller, 1984), and Chiarugi (1889) and Froriep & Beck (1895) went on to describe it in many other species. With some varia ...
Temporal and Spatial Integration in the Rat SI Vibrissa Cortex
... cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion (63; see also Ref. 28). Physiological studies have demonstrated that these first-order afferent fibers functionally innervate not more than one whisker (79; see also Refs. 8, 14) and that this segregated pattern of innervation is largely maintained ...
... cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion (63; see also Ref. 28). Physiological studies have demonstrated that these first-order afferent fibers functionally innervate not more than one whisker (79; see also Refs. 8, 14) and that this segregated pattern of innervation is largely maintained ...
CNBC onnect - cnbc.cmu.edu - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
... from the higher- to lower-level cortices. To better understand such featural processing, and especially to account for feedback effects, Yang is exploiting the high temporal resolution afforded by MEG and EEG recording methods. MEG and EEG respectively measure magnetic and electrical signals generat ...
... from the higher- to lower-level cortices. To better understand such featural processing, and especially to account for feedback effects, Yang is exploiting the high temporal resolution afforded by MEG and EEG recording methods. MEG and EEG respectively measure magnetic and electrical signals generat ...
reward and reinforcement i
... course, such stimuli can be negative signals if they are predictive of aversive or unpleasant events). It is believed that DA may play an important role in learning about stimuli predictive of reward. For example, recording experiments in awake monkeys have shown that DA neurons in the VTA fire in r ...
... course, such stimuli can be negative signals if they are predictive of aversive or unpleasant events). It is believed that DA may play an important role in learning about stimuli predictive of reward. For example, recording experiments in awake monkeys have shown that DA neurons in the VTA fire in r ...
Morris_2007_Macrosto..
... serotonin, respectively, were mapped relative to compartment boundaries. This study will aid in the documentation and interpretation of patterns of gene expression, as well as functional studies, in the developing Macrostomum brain. Keywords Platyhelminth . Brain . Evolution . Nerve . Muscle ...
... serotonin, respectively, were mapped relative to compartment boundaries. This study will aid in the documentation and interpretation of patterns of gene expression, as well as functional studies, in the developing Macrostomum brain. Keywords Platyhelminth . Brain . Evolution . Nerve . Muscle ...
Mechanisms of Plasticity of Inhibition in Chronic Pain Conditions
... Abstract The balance between inhibition and excitation in the dorsal spinal cord plays a critical role in ensuring that sensory information is relayed accurately to the brain. In particular, a loss of inhibitory control, and the ensuing increase in excitability in spinal dorsal horn neuronal circui ...
... Abstract The balance between inhibition and excitation in the dorsal spinal cord plays a critical role in ensuring that sensory information is relayed accurately to the brain. In particular, a loss of inhibitory control, and the ensuing increase in excitability in spinal dorsal horn neuronal circui ...
Master Thesis - Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
... arealisation would take place on the basis of information intrinsic to the early cortical primordium. Positional values would be encoded by the graded expression of specific genes whitin the cortical proliferative epithelium. This positional information would be epigenetically transferred from neuro ...
... arealisation would take place on the basis of information intrinsic to the early cortical primordium. Positional values would be encoded by the graded expression of specific genes whitin the cortical proliferative epithelium. This positional information would be epigenetically transferred from neuro ...
Transcription Factor Expression and Notch
... that adult and embryonic progenitors commonly expressed various homeodomain-type and basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)-type transcription factors in vitro. Cells expressing specific homeodomain factors also emerged and transiently proliferated in vivo in response to injury. However, neither production o ...
... that adult and embryonic progenitors commonly expressed various homeodomain-type and basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)-type transcription factors in vitro. Cells expressing specific homeodomain factors also emerged and transiently proliferated in vivo in response to injury. However, neither production o ...
Growth and Functional Efficacy of Intrastriatal Nigral Transplants
... extent of TH-positive cell loss in the host SN (Fig. 2C), the grafts in the severely lesioned rats showed significantly higher numbers of surviving TH-positive neurons compared with the grafts in animals with moderate lesions (5527 ⫾ 896 and 9190 ⫾ 1394, respectively) (Fig. 6 B). This corresponds to ...
... extent of TH-positive cell loss in the host SN (Fig. 2C), the grafts in the severely lesioned rats showed significantly higher numbers of surviving TH-positive neurons compared with the grafts in animals with moderate lesions (5527 ⫾ 896 and 9190 ⫾ 1394, respectively) (Fig. 6 B). This corresponds to ...
How the brain uses time to represent and process visual information
... Notions of distance that arise when working with spike trains as sequences of events are more general than distances based on vectors, and are not subject to the above constraints. Since the neural code is ‘read’ by other neurons, it is natural to consider notions of distance that are based on the b ...
... Notions of distance that arise when working with spike trains as sequences of events are more general than distances based on vectors, and are not subject to the above constraints. Since the neural code is ‘read’ by other neurons, it is natural to consider notions of distance that are based on the b ...
KliperEtAl CIP2010
... challenge is especially pronounced when trying to learn the representation of visual objects in higher brain areas, where simple features representations (and models) are neglected in favor of complex, non-trivial and possibly semantic ones. Visual processing in the cortex is classically considered ...
... challenge is especially pronounced when trying to learn the representation of visual objects in higher brain areas, where simple features representations (and models) are neglected in favor of complex, non-trivial and possibly semantic ones. Visual processing in the cortex is classically considered ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.