The Nervous System in Lumbriculus variegatus
... velocity) as the myelin sheath in vertebrate nerve fibers. In Lumbriculus, as in other oligochaetes, the giant fiber branches that emerge ventrally and interrupt the glial wrapping appear to have a dual function: they may act as functional “nodes” in initiating action potentials and they may receive ...
... velocity) as the myelin sheath in vertebrate nerve fibers. In Lumbriculus, as in other oligochaetes, the giant fiber branches that emerge ventrally and interrupt the glial wrapping appear to have a dual function: they may act as functional “nodes” in initiating action potentials and they may receive ...
ANATOMY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
... velocity) as the myelin sheath in vertebrate nerve fibers. In Lumbriculus, as in other oligochaetes, the giant fiber branches that emerge ventrally and interrupt the glial wrapping appear to have a dual function: they may act as functional “nodes” in initiating action potentials and they may receive ...
... velocity) as the myelin sheath in vertebrate nerve fibers. In Lumbriculus, as in other oligochaetes, the giant fiber branches that emerge ventrally and interrupt the glial wrapping appear to have a dual function: they may act as functional “nodes” in initiating action potentials and they may receive ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Reduces Amyloidogenic
... expression of total TrkB but a distinct increase in the active phosphorylated receptor variant (p-TrkB) in both genotypes (Fig. 6) (Knusel et al., 1997). As described previously (Ge and Lahiri, 2002; Ruiz-León and Pascual, 2004), application of BDNF also raised neuronal APP levels in our experiment ...
... expression of total TrkB but a distinct increase in the active phosphorylated receptor variant (p-TrkB) in both genotypes (Fig. 6) (Knusel et al., 1997). As described previously (Ge and Lahiri, 2002; Ruiz-León and Pascual, 2004), application of BDNF also raised neuronal APP levels in our experiment ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... discharge plasticity in background activity, and 21/22 cells developed plasticity in their responses to the acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS). Nonassociative factors were ruled out by the use of a sensitization phase (CS and US [unconditioned stimulus] unpaired) preceding the conditioning phase and ...
... discharge plasticity in background activity, and 21/22 cells developed plasticity in their responses to the acoustic conditioned stimulus (CS). Nonassociative factors were ruled out by the use of a sensitization phase (CS and US [unconditioned stimulus] unpaired) preceding the conditioning phase and ...
Auditory Brain Development in Children With Hearing Loss– Part One
... and where auditory objects are represented in the brain. DeFigure 3, a broad area of activation was seen in the auditory riving higher-order meaning from the sound we hear is cerareas of the brain. Specifically, activity in response to auditory tainly a complex process. “Fundamentally, everything th ...
... and where auditory objects are represented in the brain. DeFigure 3, a broad area of activation was seen in the auditory riving higher-order meaning from the sound we hear is cerareas of the brain. Specifically, activity in response to auditory tainly a complex process. “Fundamentally, everything th ...
Model of autism: increased ratio of excitationinhibition in key neural
... dissection of mechanisms that may underlie some forms of autism. We begin by considering some aspects of the neural systems that could play central roles in behaviors that are disrupted in autism. Based on the hypothesis that disruption of these neural systems is due to an abnormal balance of the ra ...
... dissection of mechanisms that may underlie some forms of autism. We begin by considering some aspects of the neural systems that could play central roles in behaviors that are disrupted in autism. Based on the hypothesis that disruption of these neural systems is due to an abnormal balance of the ra ...
Bystander Attenuation Of Neuronal And Astrocyte
... Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) expression, allowing identification of infected cells. GFP transcription was driven by an elongation factor 1a promoter, placed at the IE2 site, a site that did not alter viral replication or tissue preference. GFP expression could be found in infected brain cells wi ...
... Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) expression, allowing identification of infected cells. GFP transcription was driven by an elongation factor 1a promoter, placed at the IE2 site, a site that did not alter viral replication or tissue preference. GFP expression could be found in infected brain cells wi ...
Neuropilin-2 Regulates the Development of Select Cranial and
... sensory axons, and in the anterior commissure, habenulo-interpeduncular tract, and the projections of hippocampal mossy fiber axons in the infrapyramidal bundle. Our results show that neuropilin-2 is an essential component of the Sema3F receptor and identify key roles for neuropilin-2 in axon guidan ...
... sensory axons, and in the anterior commissure, habenulo-interpeduncular tract, and the projections of hippocampal mossy fiber axons in the infrapyramidal bundle. Our results show that neuropilin-2 is an essential component of the Sema3F receptor and identify key roles for neuropilin-2 in axon guidan ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Dynamics and Synchronization in Neuronal Models
... in detail the structure and concluded that the nervous system was composed of individual neurons rather than a continuum. For this discovery, Cajal was awarded with the 1906 Nobel Price in Medicine. Nowadays, neuroscience is a broad field where many disciplines converge to tackle questions like how ...
... in detail the structure and concluded that the nervous system was composed of individual neurons rather than a continuum. For this discovery, Cajal was awarded with the 1906 Nobel Price in Medicine. Nowadays, neuroscience is a broad field where many disciplines converge to tackle questions like how ...
Vision - HallquistCPHS.com
... b. Red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white opponent processes operate throughout the visual system. c. Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) a three-color system in the retina and (2) opponent-process cells en route to the visual cortex. d. Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) an opponent ...
... b. Red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white opponent processes operate throughout the visual system. c. Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) a three-color system in the retina and (2) opponent-process cells en route to the visual cortex. d. Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) an opponent ...
Evolving Fuzzy Neural Networks - Algorithms, Applications
... accent data. In the experiments below, four EFuNNs are evolved to learn existing data on four NZ English phonemes. Recognition results are compared with the results when ordinary FuNNs are used and when GAFuNNs (FuNNs optimised by a genetic algorithm) are used [13]. Then one of the EFuNNs, the phon ...
... accent data. In the experiments below, four EFuNNs are evolved to learn existing data on four NZ English phonemes. Recognition results are compared with the results when ordinary FuNNs are used and when GAFuNNs (FuNNs optimised by a genetic algorithm) are used [13]. Then one of the EFuNNs, the phon ...
Sleep Mar 19 2013x - Lakehead University
... entrain waking/sleeping cycles with light/dark cycles • SCN neurons have very large receptive fields and respond to luminance changes (not motion or orientation) • Surprisingly, the retinal cells that aid in synchronizing the SCN are not rods or cones ...
... entrain waking/sleeping cycles with light/dark cycles • SCN neurons have very large receptive fields and respond to luminance changes (not motion or orientation) • Surprisingly, the retinal cells that aid in synchronizing the SCN are not rods or cones ...
Cholinergic Modulation of Arousal in the Pedunculopontine (PPN
... (RAS), which is active during waking and REM sleep. The PPN has ascending projections to the intralaminar thalamus, especially the parafascicular (Pf) nucleus, and descending projections to SubCoeruleus (SubC) nucleus. We have found evidence for the presence of gap junctions in the Pf, PPN and SubC. ...
... (RAS), which is active during waking and REM sleep. The PPN has ascending projections to the intralaminar thalamus, especially the parafascicular (Pf) nucleus, and descending projections to SubCoeruleus (SubC) nucleus. We have found evidence for the presence of gap junctions in the Pf, PPN and SubC. ...
here - University of California San Diego
... Studies show that limited functional recovery can be achieved by plasticity and adaptation of the remaining circuitry in partial injuries in the central nervous system, although the new circuits that arise in these contexts have not been clearly identified or characterized. We show here that synaptic ...
... Studies show that limited functional recovery can be achieved by plasticity and adaptation of the remaining circuitry in partial injuries in the central nervous system, although the new circuits that arise in these contexts have not been clearly identified or characterized. We show here that synaptic ...
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system
... proteins. New research is needed to fully understand how migration of such morphologically complicated cells is coordinated over space and time. ...
... proteins. New research is needed to fully understand how migration of such morphologically complicated cells is coordinated over space and time. ...
Computational themes of peripheral processing
... higher level neurons are able to compute the correct decision in a robust way (Creutzig et al. 2009; Fig. 1). In the following, we focus on the well-investigated transformation and representation of calling song signals in the early auditory pathway of grasshopper. The auditory periphery of grasshop ...
... higher level neurons are able to compute the correct decision in a robust way (Creutzig et al. 2009; Fig. 1). In the following, we focus on the well-investigated transformation and representation of calling song signals in the early auditory pathway of grasshopper. The auditory periphery of grasshop ...
Chapter 2
... Activity of genes is affected by their environment. Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 ...
... Activity of genes is affected by their environment. Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 ...
Ultrastructure of Glial Cells in the Nervous System of Grillotia
... an additional support to neurons. The ganglionar neurons are surrounded by processes of fibroblast-like cells (Fig. 2). Processes of these cells contain various fibrils and are connected with each other by numerous dense contacts for protection and isolation of the neurons (Fig. 2b). The fibroblast- ...
... an additional support to neurons. The ganglionar neurons are surrounded by processes of fibroblast-like cells (Fig. 2). Processes of these cells contain various fibrils and are connected with each other by numerous dense contacts for protection and isolation of the neurons (Fig. 2b). The fibroblast- ...
Sauve CVE 2015 - Calgary Vision Event
... Saccadic system: Visual (striate) cortex & posterior parietal cortex perceive target. Supplementary and frontal eye fields activate saccade generators in brainstem and superior colliculi (though the ability to generate saccades ...
... Saccadic system: Visual (striate) cortex & posterior parietal cortex perceive target. Supplementary and frontal eye fields activate saccade generators in brainstem and superior colliculi (though the ability to generate saccades ...
Ectopic expression of either the Drosophila
... expression but correlate with a low level of wg expression throughout the segment (Fig. 2B,D). The expression of gsbd and gsbp in the CNS In addition to epidermal expression, gsbd is expressed in a subset of NBs and their progeny in the posterior portion of each segment (Gutjahr et al., 1993b). gsbp ...
... expression but correlate with a low level of wg expression throughout the segment (Fig. 2B,D). The expression of gsbd and gsbp in the CNS In addition to epidermal expression, gsbd is expressed in a subset of NBs and their progeny in the posterior portion of each segment (Gutjahr et al., 1993b). gsbp ...
Lecture 12b - Spinal Cord
... • Carry sensory information from the skin and musculature of the body wall, head, neck, and limbs to the spinal cord and up to the brain. • Pathways consists of: – 1: receptor cell: to spinal cord (or brain stem) – 2: spinal cord cell: to thalamus – 3: thalamus cell: to primary sensory cortex ...
... • Carry sensory information from the skin and musculature of the body wall, head, neck, and limbs to the spinal cord and up to the brain. • Pathways consists of: – 1: receptor cell: to spinal cord (or brain stem) – 2: spinal cord cell: to thalamus – 3: thalamus cell: to primary sensory cortex ...
New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... 2001; Wilensky et al. 1999), and transgenic approaches (Impey et al. 1998; Shumyatsky et al. 2002) all implicate the amygdala in the acquisition of learned fear. Second, findings from animal studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et ...
... 2001; Wilensky et al. 1999), and transgenic approaches (Impey et al. 1998; Shumyatsky et al. 2002) all implicate the amygdala in the acquisition of learned fear. Second, findings from animal studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et ...
Lecture 12b - Spinal Cord
... • Carry sensory information from the skin and musculature of the body wall, head, neck, and limbs to the spinal cord and up to the brain. • Pathways consists of: – 1: receptor cell: to spinal cord (or brain stem) – 2: spinal cord cell: to thalamus – 3: thalamus cell: to primary sensory cortex ...
... • Carry sensory information from the skin and musculature of the body wall, head, neck, and limbs to the spinal cord and up to the brain. • Pathways consists of: – 1: receptor cell: to spinal cord (or brain stem) – 2: spinal cord cell: to thalamus – 3: thalamus cell: to primary sensory cortex ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
... flow (CBF) to areas with increased metabolic needs. However, whether this model is applicable to brain areas that also use less conventional neurotransmitters, such as neuropeptides, is currently unknown. To this end, we studied NVC in the rat hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system (MNS) o ...
... flow (CBF) to areas with increased metabolic needs. However, whether this model is applicable to brain areas that also use less conventional neurotransmitters, such as neuropeptides, is currently unknown. To this end, we studied NVC in the rat hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system (MNS) o ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.