State-dependent and cell type-specific temporal processing in
... These cortical states can affect the sensory response properties in many facets2,6–12. This includes response amplitudes6,11,13, the size of receptive fields14–17, and noise correlations between pairs of neurons18,19. As cortical neurons are highly heterogeneous across cortical layers20,21, the effe ...
... These cortical states can affect the sensory response properties in many facets2,6–12. This includes response amplitudes6,11,13, the size of receptive fields14–17, and noise correlations between pairs of neurons18,19. As cortical neurons are highly heterogeneous across cortical layers20,21, the effe ...
Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... cerebral cortex, along with the thalamus and subcortical systems, sends signals to the BG. The BG in turn, with modulation from midbrain dopaminergic system, integrates and processes this cortical information for output, back to the cerebral cortex to shape cortical activity and ultimately affect co ...
... cerebral cortex, along with the thalamus and subcortical systems, sends signals to the BG. The BG in turn, with modulation from midbrain dopaminergic system, integrates and processes this cortical information for output, back to the cerebral cortex to shape cortical activity and ultimately affect co ...
Author`s personal copy - University of Queensland
... nuclei of these systems. This proposal infers that if mega- and microchiropterans belonged to the same mammalian order, they should have the same nuclear organization of these systems; however this is not the case as shown by Maseko and Manger (2007) and Maseko et al. (2007). While these previous st ...
... nuclei of these systems. This proposal infers that if mega- and microchiropterans belonged to the same mammalian order, they should have the same nuclear organization of these systems; however this is not the case as shown by Maseko and Manger (2007) and Maseko et al. (2007). While these previous st ...
30 Hearing - Semantic Scholar
... into electrical signals and forwards them to the brain. The cochlea, however, is not simply a passive detector. Our ability to recognize small differences in sounds stems from the auditory system's capacity to distinguish among frequency components and to inform us of both the tones present and thei ...
... into electrical signals and forwards them to the brain. The cochlea, however, is not simply a passive detector. Our ability to recognize small differences in sounds stems from the auditory system's capacity to distinguish among frequency components and to inform us of both the tones present and thei ...
W3005 1/29/0 Prof
... formation of specific connections between nerve cells, the basic “wiring diagram” of the brain. Navigation results in an initial mapping of neurons to their targets; synaptic connections are further refined by experience (activity). Mutants that are deficient axon migration are neurologically abnorm ...
... formation of specific connections between nerve cells, the basic “wiring diagram” of the brain. Navigation results in an initial mapping of neurons to their targets; synaptic connections are further refined by experience (activity). Mutants that are deficient axon migration are neurologically abnorm ...
The Distribution of Chandelier Cell Axon Terminals that Express the
... Chandelier cells represent a unique type of cortical GABAergic interneuron whose axon terminals (Ch-terminals) form synapses exclusively with the axon initial segments of pyramidal cells. In this study, we have used immunocytochemistry for the high-affinity plasma membrane transporter-1 (GAT-1) to a ...
... Chandelier cells represent a unique type of cortical GABAergic interneuron whose axon terminals (Ch-terminals) form synapses exclusively with the axon initial segments of pyramidal cells. In this study, we have used immunocytochemistry for the high-affinity plasma membrane transporter-1 (GAT-1) to a ...
Unusual ultrastructural findings in dendrites of pyramidal
... virus. However, knowledge about the fine structure of dendrites in rabies infection is scarce. This work had the aim of studying the ultrastructure of dendrites in cortical pyramidal neurons of rabies-infected mice. Mice were inoculated intramuscularly with a street rabies virus of canine origin. Th ...
... virus. However, knowledge about the fine structure of dendrites in rabies infection is scarce. This work had the aim of studying the ultrastructure of dendrites in cortical pyramidal neurons of rabies-infected mice. Mice were inoculated intramuscularly with a street rabies virus of canine origin. Th ...
Contextual modulation and stimulus selectivity in extrastriate cortex
... modulation is used to refine existing feature representations that have been generated by other—unspecified, but presumably feedforward—circuitry. Here we review evidence suggesting that contextual modulation can do more, and actually creates neural selectivity for new and complex visual features. The ...
... modulation is used to refine existing feature representations that have been generated by other—unspecified, but presumably feedforward—circuitry. Here we review evidence suggesting that contextual modulation can do more, and actually creates neural selectivity for new and complex visual features. The ...
Study Guide
... • In previous assignments, you have been exposed to various pieces of primary literature, i.e., original articles in which scientists report (for the first time) the experiments they performed and the results they obtained. This week's discussion covers a somewhat different form of scientific writin ...
... • In previous assignments, you have been exposed to various pieces of primary literature, i.e., original articles in which scientists report (for the first time) the experiments they performed and the results they obtained. This week's discussion covers a somewhat different form of scientific writin ...
The NEURON Simulation Environment
... Constructing and managing models and controlling simulations can be accomplished with an object−oriented interpreter, a set of GUI tools, or a combination of both. Most common tasks can be performed with the GUI tools, which are especially convenient for exploratory simulations during model developm ...
... Constructing and managing models and controlling simulations can be accomplished with an object−oriented interpreter, a set of GUI tools, or a combination of both. Most common tasks can be performed with the GUI tools, which are especially convenient for exploratory simulations during model developm ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... determined by the microdrive manipulator, in each electrode track. During a series of laterally aligned unit recordings, the electrode was occasionally removed from the brain without marking any recording sites with dye, placed 0.2-0.3 mm medial or lateral to the previous electrode track, and lowere ...
... determined by the microdrive manipulator, in each electrode track. During a series of laterally aligned unit recordings, the electrode was occasionally removed from the brain without marking any recording sites with dye, placed 0.2-0.3 mm medial or lateral to the previous electrode track, and lowere ...
Current Challenges Facing the Translation of Brain
... MEA recording, used in animal models for decades, represents the most invasive BCI approach, as penetrating microelectrodes are placed within the brain structure itself, typically within the gray matter of cerebral cortex. Though the technology was initially developed in animal models, a relatively ...
... MEA recording, used in animal models for decades, represents the most invasive BCI approach, as penetrating microelectrodes are placed within the brain structure itself, typically within the gray matter of cerebral cortex. Though the technology was initially developed in animal models, a relatively ...
For Peer Review - diss.fu
... MnR: 7.8 mm posterior to bregma, 0.8 from the midline, and 7.8 mm ventral to the dura (-6°). Hemisphere for injections into VTA was randomized prior to each experiment. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG; 2-hydroxy-4,4-diamino-stilbene, 1% in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4; Fluorochrome, Denver, ...
... MnR: 7.8 mm posterior to bregma, 0.8 from the midline, and 7.8 mm ventral to the dura (-6°). Hemisphere for injections into VTA was randomized prior to each experiment. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG; 2-hydroxy-4,4-diamino-stilbene, 1% in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4; Fluorochrome, Denver, ...
Cell Density in the Border Zone Around Old Small Human Brain
... were selected among the total number of neuroautopsy cases performed at the Institute of Neuropathology of Rigshospitalet from 1979 to 1984. After immersion fixation in formalin for at least two weeks, the cerebral hemispheres were separated from the brain stem and cerebellum by transection through ...
... were selected among the total number of neuroautopsy cases performed at the Institute of Neuropathology of Rigshospitalet from 1979 to 1984. After immersion fixation in formalin for at least two weeks, the cerebral hemispheres were separated from the brain stem and cerebellum by transection through ...
Full PDF
... system. J Appl Physiol 115: 954 –971, 2013. First published May 2, 2013; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2012.—This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Surv ...
... system. J Appl Physiol 115: 954 –971, 2013. First published May 2, 2013; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2012.—This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Surv ...
Fine-scale specificity of cortical networks depends on inhibitory cell
... the same anatomical type can, nevertheless, receive input from different sources22,23. This ‘fine-scale’ specificity has been demonstrated using methods that allow differences in input to neighboring neurons to be probed with high resolution. For example, by simultaneously recording from (and stimul ...
... the same anatomical type can, nevertheless, receive input from different sources22,23. This ‘fine-scale’ specificity has been demonstrated using methods that allow differences in input to neighboring neurons to be probed with high resolution. For example, by simultaneously recording from (and stimul ...
On the Biological Plausibility of Grandmother Cells
... schemes. But, I do intend to show that there is no reason to prefer distributed over localist representations on the basis of their relative biological plausibility. Indeed, I argue that the distributed representations learned in PDP models are often inconsistent with much of the relevant neuroscien ...
... schemes. But, I do intend to show that there is no reason to prefer distributed over localist representations on the basis of their relative biological plausibility. Indeed, I argue that the distributed representations learned in PDP models are often inconsistent with much of the relevant neuroscien ...
The beginning of connectomics: a commentary on White
... When he first began to turn his attention to the nervous system, Brenner felt he needed to find a suitable experimental organism. Among current models, one popular, well-studied choice, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, had good genetics and interesting behaviour but seemed too complex as its n ...
... When he first began to turn his attention to the nervous system, Brenner felt he needed to find a suitable experimental organism. Among current models, one popular, well-studied choice, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, had good genetics and interesting behaviour but seemed too complex as its n ...
Regulation or respiration2
... The Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex sensory nerve signals from the lungs also help • control respiration. stretch receptors that transmit signals through • the vagi into the dorsal respiratory group of neurons when the lungs become overstretched. when lungs become overly inflated, stretch • receptor ...
... The Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex sensory nerve signals from the lungs also help • control respiration. stretch receptors that transmit signals through • the vagi into the dorsal respiratory group of neurons when the lungs become overstretched. when lungs become overly inflated, stretch • receptor ...
THE RETINA
... For example , the action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle is excitatory , but its action on cardiac muscle is inhibitory . Finally , when transmitter or neuromodulator are released it is obviously desirable to terminate their presence by enzyme action or other mechanisms after they have carried o ...
... For example , the action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle is excitatory , but its action on cardiac muscle is inhibitory . Finally , when transmitter or neuromodulator are released it is obviously desirable to terminate their presence by enzyme action or other mechanisms after they have carried o ...
Activity Overview Continued - The University of Texas Health
... of the homunculus controlling them than our legs. Because the left side of our brain controls the right side of our body, every time we want to move our right hand it is our left brain that is doing the work. Conversely, every time we want to move the left side of our body, it is the right side of t ...
... of the homunculus controlling them than our legs. Because the left side of our brain controls the right side of our body, every time we want to move our right hand it is our left brain that is doing the work. Conversely, every time we want to move the left side of our body, it is the right side of t ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... Why is this surround influence on neuronal response important to investigate? One reason is that these effects may tell us something about the underlying cortical microcircuitry of primary visual cortex. The most straight-forward models of the primary visual cortex involve feedforward connections to ...
... Why is this surround influence on neuronal response important to investigate? One reason is that these effects may tell us something about the underlying cortical microcircuitry of primary visual cortex. The most straight-forward models of the primary visual cortex involve feedforward connections to ...
Origin of adult neural stem cells and perspectives for brain repair
... Ferdinando Rossi MD, PhD Department of Neuroscience Corso Raffaello 30 - 10125 Turin, Italy Email: ferdinando.rossi@unito.it ...
... Ferdinando Rossi MD, PhD Department of Neuroscience Corso Raffaello 30 - 10125 Turin, Italy Email: ferdinando.rossi@unito.it ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.