Wang et al 2photon calcium imaging of odor in fly brain cell 2003
... responsive to odor stimulation for up to five hours. In animals expressing G-CaMP in neurons of the olfactory system, the application of odors results in large increases in fluorescent intensity that permits imaging with a sensitivity and resolution not previously possible. These imaging experiments ...
... responsive to odor stimulation for up to five hours. In animals expressing G-CaMP in neurons of the olfactory system, the application of odors results in large increases in fluorescent intensity that permits imaging with a sensitivity and resolution not previously possible. These imaging experiments ...
The functional role of GABA and glycine in monaural and binaural
... curve in particular at high levels of stimulation, in creating nonmonotonic spike count functions and in producing selectivity for particular frequency-time structures of complex acoustic stimuli (review: Aitkin 1986; Suga 1969; Suga and Schlegel 1973). In binaural signal analysis, excitatory respon ...
... curve in particular at high levels of stimulation, in creating nonmonotonic spike count functions and in producing selectivity for particular frequency-time structures of complex acoustic stimuli (review: Aitkin 1986; Suga 1969; Suga and Schlegel 1973). In binaural signal analysis, excitatory respon ...
Dynamic and integrative aspects of the regulation of reproduction by
... axis (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads) as well as on the regulatory feedback mechanisms. In mature male sheep, an increase in the intake of energy and protein induces, at first, an increase in the frequency of pulses of GnRH and LH, and in the tonic secretion of FSH. The response of the GnRH n ...
... axis (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads) as well as on the regulatory feedback mechanisms. In mature male sheep, an increase in the intake of energy and protein induces, at first, an increase in the frequency of pulses of GnRH and LH, and in the tonic secretion of FSH. The response of the GnRH n ...
Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Beyond
... human lung epithelial cells and their activation by GnRH improves the chloride transport defect present in cystic fibrosis, suggesting a new therapeutic use of GnRH analogs [15]. Extrapituitary GnRHR share the same mRNA sequence and protein molecular size with the pituitary receptor [16,17] although ...
... human lung epithelial cells and their activation by GnRH improves the chloride transport defect present in cystic fibrosis, suggesting a new therapeutic use of GnRH analogs [15]. Extrapituitary GnRHR share the same mRNA sequence and protein molecular size with the pituitary receptor [16,17] although ...
Quantification of the Effect of Different Levels of IOP in the Astroglia
... reports on glial behavior in ocular hypertension (OHT) and ischemia have suggested that in some diseases, such as primary open-angle glaucoma, glial cells may be involved in RGC dysfunction.11 Under normal conditions, Müller cells appear to participate in the maintenance of RGC survival by mechanis ...
... reports on glial behavior in ocular hypertension (OHT) and ischemia have suggested that in some diseases, such as primary open-angle glaucoma, glial cells may be involved in RGC dysfunction.11 Under normal conditions, Müller cells appear to participate in the maintenance of RGC survival by mechanis ...
FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... motor control of movements or actions. A second, and relatively separate field, has been concerned with neural integrative activities for visceral responses involved in the homeostatic regulation of the internal environment. These two research traditions correspond to the two basic kinds of function ...
... motor control of movements or actions. A second, and relatively separate field, has been concerned with neural integrative activities for visceral responses involved in the homeostatic regulation of the internal environment. These two research traditions correspond to the two basic kinds of function ...
University of Groningen The hearing brain in males and
... body. These three nuclei are surrounded by a number of small nuclei, i.e. the peri-olivary nuclei. Some axons of the anteroventral nucleus project to the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. Others travel across the midline via the most ventral acoustic stria, i.e. the trapezoid body, and terminate ...
... body. These three nuclei are surrounded by a number of small nuclei, i.e. the peri-olivary nuclei. Some axons of the anteroventral nucleus project to the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. Others travel across the midline via the most ventral acoustic stria, i.e. the trapezoid body, and terminate ...
7. URINE FORMATION Urine formation
... The composition of the basement membrane determines its filtering capacity. This membrane is primarily made of proteoglycans and collagen chains interlocked, leaving large spaces through which most solutes and water can filter. Proteoglycans are charged with strong negative charges, thus preventing ...
... The composition of the basement membrane determines its filtering capacity. This membrane is primarily made of proteoglycans and collagen chains interlocked, leaving large spaces through which most solutes and water can filter. Proteoglycans are charged with strong negative charges, thus preventing ...
psychology 2
... thirty different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence ...
... thirty different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence ...
judasMRT99
... whereas other NADPH-d cells are located deep within the layer I and have a spray of descending beaded processes ramifying in layers II and superficial part of the layer III. In the developing neocortex of rats and mice, nitrinergic neurons are usually not observed in the marginal zone (MZ), i.e., th ...
... whereas other NADPH-d cells are located deep within the layer I and have a spray of descending beaded processes ramifying in layers II and superficial part of the layer III. In the developing neocortex of rats and mice, nitrinergic neurons are usually not observed in the marginal zone (MZ), i.e., th ...
Vasopressin Receptors of the Vasopressor (V,)
... the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, respectively (Dorsa et al., 1983; Dreifuss et al., 1988; Tribollet et al., 1988). Using brain-stem slices, we have shown that vagal motoneurons are directly depolarized by oxytocin and that this effect is mediated by oxytocin receptors (Charpak et al., 19 ...
... the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, respectively (Dorsa et al., 1983; Dreifuss et al., 1988; Tribollet et al., 1988). Using brain-stem slices, we have shown that vagal motoneurons are directly depolarized by oxytocin and that this effect is mediated by oxytocin receptors (Charpak et al., 19 ...
Full version (PDF file)
... the neocortex of rodents and primates, including humans. The possible neuroprotective role of calretinin and the presumed “resistance” of calretinin-expressing interneurons to various pathological processes are also discussed. Key words Calcium-binding ...
... the neocortex of rodents and primates, including humans. The possible neuroprotective role of calretinin and the presumed “resistance” of calretinin-expressing interneurons to various pathological processes are also discussed. Key words Calcium-binding ...
Ethanol Neurotoxicity in the Developing Cerebellum
... of mitochondrial integrity, releases cytochrome c into the cytosol, and initiates apoptotic cell death [34]. 3. Ethanol Promotes Retinoic Acid Teratogenicity Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays an important role in the development of embryos and their central nervous system, ...
... of mitochondrial integrity, releases cytochrome c into the cytosol, and initiates apoptotic cell death [34]. 3. Ethanol Promotes Retinoic Acid Teratogenicity Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays an important role in the development of embryos and their central nervous system, ...
Does Loss of Nerve Growth Factor Receptors Precede Loss of
... in the caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral striatum, nucleus basalis of Meynert, and nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus. The boundaries of these regions were determined on AChE-stained sections. The same boundaries were taken to define the regions on the autoradiograms for receptor binding analysis. T ...
... in the caudate nucleus, putamen, ventral striatum, nucleus basalis of Meynert, and nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus. The boundaries of these regions were determined on AChE-stained sections. The same boundaries were taken to define the regions on the autoradiograms for receptor binding analysis. T ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... City, TN 37614-0577 (e-mail: ardellj@etsu.edu). R470 ...
... City, TN 37614-0577 (e-mail: ardellj@etsu.edu). R470 ...
influences of the glial environment on the
... adult mice and rats by observing the growth of axons into PNS or CNS tissue grafts. Following spinal cord injury and also after transplantation of optic nerves into the PNS there is axonal sprouting but these neuronal processes fail to elongate more than a few mm into the surrounding glia. On the ot ...
... adult mice and rats by observing the growth of axons into PNS or CNS tissue grafts. Following spinal cord injury and also after transplantation of optic nerves into the PNS there is axonal sprouting but these neuronal processes fail to elongate more than a few mm into the surrounding glia. On the ot ...
Towards the utilization of EEG as a brain imaging tool
... compatibility of the EEG with other brain imaging techniques, EEG is increasingly used in the neuroimaging community. However, the full capability of EEG is highly underestimated. Many combined EEG-fMRI studies use the EEG only as a spike-counter or an oscilloscope. Many cognitive and clinical EEG s ...
... compatibility of the EEG with other brain imaging techniques, EEG is increasingly used in the neuroimaging community. However, the full capability of EEG is highly underestimated. Many combined EEG-fMRI studies use the EEG only as a spike-counter or an oscilloscope. Many cognitive and clinical EEG s ...
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
Neural Basis of Visually Guided Head Movements Studied With fMRI
... volume collected after the high-resolution anatomy using a leastsquares algorithm (Cox and Jesmanowicz 1999). The motion-correction algorithm accurately measures and corrects the gradual head movements that occur, for example, when the foam padding underneath the subject’s head compresses or the sub ...
... volume collected after the high-resolution anatomy using a leastsquares algorithm (Cox and Jesmanowicz 1999). The motion-correction algorithm accurately measures and corrects the gradual head movements that occur, for example, when the foam padding underneath the subject’s head compresses or the sub ...
Alterations of Mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus Are
... are the result of the post-translational proteolysis of the APP [18], by concerted actions of βand γ-secretases [19]. The amyloidogenic pathway for APP is initiated by β- site amyloid precursor proteincleavage enzyme 1 (BACE- 1), resulting in the generation of the intermediate product sAPPβ [20]. γ ...
... are the result of the post-translational proteolysis of the APP [18], by concerted actions of βand γ-secretases [19]. The amyloidogenic pathway for APP is initiated by β- site amyloid precursor proteincleavage enzyme 1 (BACE- 1), resulting in the generation of the intermediate product sAPPβ [20]. γ ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... Given the dynamic nature of the interactions between complex organisms and the environment, it is not surprising that specific neural mechanisms have evolved that not only detect the presence of rewarding stimuli but also predict their occurrence on the basis of representations formed by past experi ...
... Given the dynamic nature of the interactions between complex organisms and the environment, it is not surprising that specific neural mechanisms have evolved that not only detect the presence of rewarding stimuli but also predict their occurrence on the basis of representations formed by past experi ...
Neuronal Correlates of Sensorimotor Association in Stimulus
... flanked by other letters that were either compatible or incompatible with the response. By recording the lateralized readiness potential (i.e., a change in the evoked brain potential that develops over the motor cortex contralateral to the overt response), it was found that in trials in which the st ...
... flanked by other letters that were either compatible or incompatible with the response. By recording the lateralized readiness potential (i.e., a change in the evoked brain potential that develops over the motor cortex contralateral to the overt response), it was found that in trials in which the st ...
Gradual increase in neuronal density of rats
... the dorsal part of the dLGN, which is also close to optic nerve terminations. The dorsal part of the dLGN in rodents, adjacent to the optic tract, contains the majority of neurons that receives the greatest density of colliculogeniculate input.24 In this study, the increased neuronal density from th ...
... the dorsal part of the dLGN, which is also close to optic nerve terminations. The dorsal part of the dLGN in rodents, adjacent to the optic tract, contains the majority of neurons that receives the greatest density of colliculogeniculate input.24 In this study, the increased neuronal density from th ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
... Background: Developing brain is highly susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic injury leading to severe neurological disabilities in surviving infants and children. Previously we reported induction of neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1) in hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal brain and NP1 co-localization with the ex ...
... Background: Developing brain is highly susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic injury leading to severe neurological disabilities in surviving infants and children. Previously we reported induction of neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1) in hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal brain and NP1 co-localization with the ex ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.