Anatomical organization of the central olfactory
... The antennal lobe receives input, via the antennal nerve, from olfactory sensory neurons located on the ipsilateral antenna. Each sensory axon targets one condensed neuropil structure better known as a glomerulus. Each of these sphere-shaped structures receives input from many sensory axons. In addi ...
... The antennal lobe receives input, via the antennal nerve, from olfactory sensory neurons located on the ipsilateral antenna. Each sensory axon targets one condensed neuropil structure better known as a glomerulus. Each of these sphere-shaped structures receives input from many sensory axons. In addi ...
Nervous System Module - Year 2 Semester 1 Number of Credit – 8
... 2. Describe the biochemical aspect of specific receptors for neurotransmitters- ionotropic receptors (ion channels) -metabotropic receptors 3. Explain the mechanism of action of receptor 4. Explain the biochemical regulation of neurotransmitters 5. State the mode of action of neurotransmitters -a ...
... 2. Describe the biochemical aspect of specific receptors for neurotransmitters- ionotropic receptors (ion channels) -metabotropic receptors 3. Explain the mechanism of action of receptor 4. Explain the biochemical regulation of neurotransmitters 5. State the mode of action of neurotransmitters -a ...
Pathophysiology and treatment of alveolar–capillary dysfunction in
... models have provided important insights. West and collegues [3] have shown that, if sufficiently elevated, pressure causes formation of breaks and discontinuities in endothelial and epithelial membranes of the blood–gas barrier, a phenomenon identified as ‘stress failure’ of the alveolar–capillary m ...
... models have provided important insights. West and collegues [3] have shown that, if sufficiently elevated, pressure causes formation of breaks and discontinuities in endothelial and epithelial membranes of the blood–gas barrier, a phenomenon identified as ‘stress failure’ of the alveolar–capillary m ...
Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... studies, effects were indexed as movement speed or strength change, so it is still not clear whether the observed improvements represent a quality of life change. Furthermore, because the methodology of these studies has been heterogeneous, and the sample sizes have been small, it is difficult to dr ...
... studies, effects were indexed as movement speed or strength change, so it is still not clear whether the observed improvements represent a quality of life change. Furthermore, because the methodology of these studies has been heterogeneous, and the sample sizes have been small, it is difficult to dr ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... 2011). Propofol therefore enhances hyperpolarization of these neurons (Hanrahan et al., 2013), consistent with an increase in the slow oscillations and a decrease in the spike firing rate observed in our study. A recent human study showed that connectivity between distant cortical areas was disrupte ...
... 2011). Propofol therefore enhances hyperpolarization of these neurons (Hanrahan et al., 2013), consistent with an increase in the slow oscillations and a decrease in the spike firing rate observed in our study. A recent human study showed that connectivity between distant cortical areas was disrupte ...
The dual nature of time preparation: neural
... conditions, alternated every other block. In the sham session, three blocks were performed in each foreperiod duration condition. A block consisted of 96 trials, and within a block each response signal (right or left) occurred 48 times in an unpredictable order. During a block, a single pulse TMS wa ...
... conditions, alternated every other block. In the sham session, three blocks were performed in each foreperiod duration condition. A block consisted of 96 trials, and within a block each response signal (right or left) occurred 48 times in an unpredictable order. During a block, a single pulse TMS wa ...
Spontaneously T1-Hyperintense Lesions of the Brain on MRI: A
... © 2003 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
... © 2003 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour
... Factors contributing to recovery many of the mechanisms that underlie recovery are similar to those involved with plasticity in the intact brain26. Here, we expand on the premise that stroke recovery mechanisms are based on both structural and functional changes in brain circuits that have a close f ...
... Factors contributing to recovery many of the mechanisms that underlie recovery are similar to those involved with plasticity in the intact brain26. Here, we expand on the premise that stroke recovery mechanisms are based on both structural and functional changes in brain circuits that have a close f ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... the experimenter's voice. White noise was more effective than tones in evoking responses. Consequently, white noise was used as the CS in 18 sessions and a 2-kHz tone in the other three sessions. The background firing rates of 21 of the 22 cells were less than 7 spikes/s, averaging 2.5/s (SE = 0.56) ...
... the experimenter's voice. White noise was more effective than tones in evoking responses. Consequently, white noise was used as the CS in 18 sessions and a 2-kHz tone in the other three sessions. The background firing rates of 21 of the 22 cells were less than 7 spikes/s, averaging 2.5/s (SE = 0.56) ...
365 Brainy Fact-A
... between the lumbar vertebrae and into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, was introduced in 1891 by Heinrich Quinke. ...
... between the lumbar vertebrae and into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, was introduced in 1891 by Heinrich Quinke. ...
Cell type-specific activation of p38 MAPK in the brain regions of
... Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) has been implicated as a mechanism of ischemia/hypoxia-induced cerebral injury. The current study was designed to explore the involvement of p38 MAPK in the development of cerebral hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) by observing the changes in ...
... Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) has been implicated as a mechanism of ischemia/hypoxia-induced cerebral injury. The current study was designed to explore the involvement of p38 MAPK in the development of cerebral hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) by observing the changes in ...
Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Silence Neurons in Subthalamic
... cluster analysis. The spike sort during each DBS trial was verified on a spike-by-spike basis to ensure accurate detection of the action potential of interest. Of 58 neurons recorded, 33 were of sufficiently high quality to insure a single cell was present throughout the recording (range, 2- to 5-mi ...
... cluster analysis. The spike sort during each DBS trial was verified on a spike-by-spike basis to ensure accurate detection of the action potential of interest. Of 58 neurons recorded, 33 were of sufficiently high quality to insure a single cell was present throughout the recording (range, 2- to 5-mi ...
Neuromodulation of Aerobic Exercise—A Review
... training (Dey et al., 1992). The cortical changes lasted at least a week after discontinuing exercise, whereas serotonin activity in the brainstem is diminished by that time (Dey et al., 1992). The hypothalamus shows decreased serotonin metabolism one day after training, increasing again after a wee ...
... training (Dey et al., 1992). The cortical changes lasted at least a week after discontinuing exercise, whereas serotonin activity in the brainstem is diminished by that time (Dey et al., 1992). The hypothalamus shows decreased serotonin metabolism one day after training, increasing again after a wee ...
Summary of Results and Discussion
... Previous studies by Josephson and Meier reported no alterations of Nogo-A expression at 24 hours after KA injection, and no alterations or strong upregulation after 7-5 days (Table 1.1; Josephson et al., 2001; Meier et al., 2003). The doses used in the three studies were similar (10 mg/kg Josephson ...
... Previous studies by Josephson and Meier reported no alterations of Nogo-A expression at 24 hours after KA injection, and no alterations or strong upregulation after 7-5 days (Table 1.1; Josephson et al., 2001; Meier et al., 2003). The doses used in the three studies were similar (10 mg/kg Josephson ...
pre_print_Blunted_and_exaggerated_cardiac_stress_reactivity
... individuals (Stice, Spoor, Bohon, Veldhuizen, & Small, 2008), individuals showing an accelerated gain in weight over time (Stice, Yokum, Blum, & Bohon, 2010) and among those with a higher body mass index (Batterink, Yokum, & Stice, 2010). To date, however, there has been scant research addressing th ...
... individuals (Stice, Spoor, Bohon, Veldhuizen, & Small, 2008), individuals showing an accelerated gain in weight over time (Stice, Yokum, Blum, & Bohon, 2010) and among those with a higher body mass index (Batterink, Yokum, & Stice, 2010). To date, however, there has been scant research addressing th ...
Increased D-amino acid oxidase
... Many factors other than DAO activity likely influence D-serine availability at the NMDA receptor, including the rate of its synthesis by serine racemase, and its release into and reuptake from the synapse. Alterations in these processes in schizophrenia could counteract – or exacerbate – the effect ...
... Many factors other than DAO activity likely influence D-serine availability at the NMDA receptor, including the rate of its synthesis by serine racemase, and its release into and reuptake from the synapse. Alterations in these processes in schizophrenia could counteract – or exacerbate – the effect ...
Mercury and the Developing Brain
... development that is fixed and cannot be delayed. Periods of intense neuron proliferation have been shown in most brain regions in humans. The timing of such growth spurts can occur over a short period of time, frequently over a period of only a few hours. The migration of neurons to their correct de ...
... development that is fixed and cannot be delayed. Periods of intense neuron proliferation have been shown in most brain regions in humans. The timing of such growth spurts can occur over a short period of time, frequently over a period of only a few hours. The migration of neurons to their correct de ...
Size and number of binucleate and mononucleate superior
... and physiological functions and a major incidence of degenerative diseases. These alterations are the result of an interaction among many factors and one may say that ageing is therefore a multifaceted phenomenon (Szweda et al. 2003). In the nervous system, the changes most frequently related are ne ...
... and physiological functions and a major incidence of degenerative diseases. These alterations are the result of an interaction among many factors and one may say that ageing is therefore a multifaceted phenomenon (Szweda et al. 2003). In the nervous system, the changes most frequently related are ne ...
Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and
... Tension Changes in Tissue This section deals with the alterations of epicortical field potentials and concomitant changes of the membrane potentials caused by deviations of the gas tension in brain tissue. ...
... Tension Changes in Tissue This section deals with the alterations of epicortical field potentials and concomitant changes of the membrane potentials caused by deviations of the gas tension in brain tissue. ...
Olfaction in Invertebrates: Manduca. In: Squire LR (ed). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, vol 7, pp 49-57. Oxford: Academic Press.
... olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) on each antenna project their axons to the antennal lobes (ALs), which are subdivided into approximately 160 identified glomeruli. Most of the ORNs are in groups of 25–20 in pore plates (sensilla placodea). The number and distribution of receptor molecules are unkno ...
... olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) on each antenna project their axons to the antennal lobes (ALs), which are subdivided into approximately 160 identified glomeruli. Most of the ORNs are in groups of 25–20 in pore plates (sensilla placodea). The number and distribution of receptor molecules are unkno ...
Essential Calculations in Renal Physiology
... The question asked whether this calculated value of clearance is consistent with the conclusion reached in Questions 4 and 5. (The conclusion from Questions 4 and 5 was that Substance A is secreted by the renal tubule.) To answer this question, compare the clearance of Substance A (200 mL/min) with ...
... The question asked whether this calculated value of clearance is consistent with the conclusion reached in Questions 4 and 5. (The conclusion from Questions 4 and 5 was that Substance A is secreted by the renal tubule.) To answer this question, compare the clearance of Substance A (200 mL/min) with ...
Neural Basis of Brain Dysfunction Produced by Early Sleep Problems
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... L5 ventral roots. This new mouse model should provide a useful tool to test potential therapeutic approaches for GAN disease. Keywords: inclusion bodies, intermediate filaments, neuropathy. J. Neurochem. (2008) 107, 253–264. ...
... L5 ventral roots. This new mouse model should provide a useful tool to test potential therapeutic approaches for GAN disease. Keywords: inclusion bodies, intermediate filaments, neuropathy. J. Neurochem. (2008) 107, 253–264. ...
Molecular and morphological analyses of basal forebrain
... and behavioral decline associated with AD. Since, BFCNs are highly vulnerable to AD pathophysiology, factors that support the BFCN phenotype may have practical use in preserving neuronal networks and cognitive function. There is now strong evidence that bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP9 also known ...
... and behavioral decline associated with AD. Since, BFCNs are highly vulnerable to AD pathophysiology, factors that support the BFCN phenotype may have practical use in preserving neuronal networks and cognitive function. There is now strong evidence that bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP9 also known ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.