lmmunocytochemical Localization of Protein Kinase C lsozymes in
... and other fiber tract-enriched areas.At this low magnification, it was obvious that the immunoreactivity was much lower in the molecular layer of cortex (alsoseeFigs. 2 and 3), and in the neuropil of hippocampusand molecular layer of dentate gyrus (Figs. 1, 4). The generaldistribution of the immunor ...
... and other fiber tract-enriched areas.At this low magnification, it was obvious that the immunoreactivity was much lower in the molecular layer of cortex (alsoseeFigs. 2 and 3), and in the neuropil of hippocampusand molecular layer of dentate gyrus (Figs. 1, 4). The generaldistribution of the immunor ...
All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits
... cells, and thus achieve fully “all-optical” interrogation of neural activity. Implementations of simultaneous optical readout and manipulation have faced three main challenges: reliable delivery and expression of the sensors and actuators in the same neurons, elimination of cross talk between the im ...
... cells, and thus achieve fully “all-optical” interrogation of neural activity. Implementations of simultaneous optical readout and manipulation have faced three main challenges: reliable delivery and expression of the sensors and actuators in the same neurons, elimination of cross talk between the im ...
aeb0119e8005b64
... The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is the first of twelve pairs of cranial nerves. It is instrumental in the sense of smell. Derived from the embryonic nasal placode, the olfactory nerve is capable of regeneration. The olfactory nerve is sensory in nature and originates on the olfactory mucosa ...
... The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is the first of twelve pairs of cranial nerves. It is instrumental in the sense of smell. Derived from the embryonic nasal placode, the olfactory nerve is capable of regeneration. The olfactory nerve is sensory in nature and originates on the olfactory mucosa ...
Appendix Basics of the Nervous System
... Introduction to the Nervous System This text is about the fascinating and often surprising world of our sensory systems and how they operate to allow us the the rich and varied experiences of the world that we enjoy. Much of the operation of sensory systems is also the tail of the operation of the n ...
... Introduction to the Nervous System This text is about the fascinating and often surprising world of our sensory systems and how they operate to allow us the the rich and varied experiences of the world that we enjoy. Much of the operation of sensory systems is also the tail of the operation of the n ...
Circadian Plasticity of Mammalian Inhibitory Interneurons
... many more [10, 11]. In vertebrates, the majority of interneurons are inhibitory and they mainly release GABA. However, GABA can also act as an excitatory neurotransmitter. During brain development, GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter acting by GABA A receptors and cooperating with glutamate ...
... many more [10, 11]. In vertebrates, the majority of interneurons are inhibitory and they mainly release GABA. However, GABA can also act as an excitatory neurotransmitter. During brain development, GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter acting by GABA A receptors and cooperating with glutamate ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... neurons (in the human brain there are 100 billion or more neurons) can approach food and avoid predators. For animals with larger brains, behavior is more flexible. But flexibility carries a cost: Although our elaborate sensory and motor systems provide detailed information about the external world ...
... neurons (in the human brain there are 100 billion or more neurons) can approach food and avoid predators. For animals with larger brains, behavior is more flexible. But flexibility carries a cost: Although our elaborate sensory and motor systems provide detailed information about the external world ...
Biomechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms related to
... tension variation, but only a combination of afferent inputs can provide the necessary information to control body equilibrium (Dietz, 1996). The role of proprioceptive information from ankle muscles has been highlighted in various studies (Fitzpatrick et al., 1994; Fitzpatrick et al., 1992a; Gatev ...
... tension variation, but only a combination of afferent inputs can provide the necessary information to control body equilibrium (Dietz, 1996). The role of proprioceptive information from ankle muscles has been highlighted in various studies (Fitzpatrick et al., 1994; Fitzpatrick et al., 1992a; Gatev ...
BOOK 1: Nervous system anatomy and function
... One type of monitoring approach is to use a microelectrode -- a small, microscopic probe typically made of glass or metal -- to record the number of action potentials a dopamine neuron generates. This technique is called electrophysiology or monitoring the “electrical functioning” of the neuron. The ...
... One type of monitoring approach is to use a microelectrode -- a small, microscopic probe typically made of glass or metal -- to record the number of action potentials a dopamine neuron generates. This technique is called electrophysiology or monitoring the “electrical functioning” of the neuron. The ...
Aberrant changes of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in brain of a
... Unlike epileptic models obtained by chemical or physical methods, the tremor rat (TRM, RGD ID: 1302702) (tm/tm) is a genetic mutant model discovered by Kyoto University. TRMs have seizure-like features of showing tonic convulsions and appearing 5–7 Hz spike-wave complexes in cortical and hippocampal ...
... Unlike epileptic models obtained by chemical or physical methods, the tremor rat (TRM, RGD ID: 1302702) (tm/tm) is a genetic mutant model discovered by Kyoto University. TRMs have seizure-like features of showing tonic convulsions and appearing 5–7 Hz spike-wave complexes in cortical and hippocampal ...
The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks
... 1. Introduction The basal ganglia (BG) work in concert with cortex to orchestrate and execute planned, motivated behaviors requiring motor, cognitive, and limbic circuits. While best known for their motor functions, the BG are involved in several aspects of goal-directed behaviors, including not onl ...
... 1. Introduction The basal ganglia (BG) work in concert with cortex to orchestrate and execute planned, motivated behaviors requiring motor, cognitive, and limbic circuits. While best known for their motor functions, the BG are involved in several aspects of goal-directed behaviors, including not onl ...
Cuneiform Neurons Activated during
... Guide for the Care and Use of Laborator y Animals (Ed 7) and approved by the Chancellor’s Animal Research Committee of the University of C alifornia at L os Angeles for the protection of research subjects. The surgical procedures to prepare “chronic” cats for state recordings and the delivery of sub ...
... Guide for the Care and Use of Laborator y Animals (Ed 7) and approved by the Chancellor’s Animal Research Committee of the University of C alifornia at L os Angeles for the protection of research subjects. The surgical procedures to prepare “chronic” cats for state recordings and the delivery of sub ...
Experimental heart failure causes depression
... in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, it is unclear whether CHF causes depression. Thus, we investigated whether mice develop anxiety- and depression-like behavior after induction of ischemic CHF by myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Results: In order to assess depression-like ...
... in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, it is unclear whether CHF causes depression. Thus, we investigated whether mice develop anxiety- and depression-like behavior after induction of ischemic CHF by myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Results: In order to assess depression-like ...
Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are exposed to more complex stimuli, integration of sensory ...
... stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are exposed to more complex stimuli, integration of sensory ...
Chapter 9 Not Knowing Mar. `10 “Ignorance is the necessary
... The originator of the name “ad ignorantiam” is Locke. In the Essay’s chapter “Of Reasoning”, Locke writes as follows: Before we quit this subject, it may be worth our while a little to reflect on four sorts of arguments that men, in their reasonings with others, do ordinarily make use of to prevail ...
... The originator of the name “ad ignorantiam” is Locke. In the Essay’s chapter “Of Reasoning”, Locke writes as follows: Before we quit this subject, it may be worth our while a little to reflect on four sorts of arguments that men, in their reasonings with others, do ordinarily make use of to prevail ...
Looking Through the Lens of Individual Differences: Relationships
... treatment are an inseparable pair and that no psychologists can dismiss one of the other as error variance” (p. 683). Years later, Kosslyn et al. (2002) stressed the importance of unifying these two approaches to psychology by providing several examples of how the study of individual differences can ...
... treatment are an inseparable pair and that no psychologists can dismiss one of the other as error variance” (p. 683). Years later, Kosslyn et al. (2002) stressed the importance of unifying these two approaches to psychology by providing several examples of how the study of individual differences can ...
Mechanisms of Visual Attention in the Human Cortex
... firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited by the single good stimulus. This result indicates that two stimuli present at the same time within a neuron’s RF are not processed independently, but rather ...
... firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited by the single good stimulus. This result indicates that two stimuli present at the same time within a neuron’s RF are not processed independently, but rather ...
On phenomenal character and Petri dishes
... than could readily be held in a Petri dish. Tye appears to assume that the evidence he mentions from MEG scans is, if not conclusive, at least highly probative. He does not cite the source of the evidence, so I cannot evaluate it; but I doubt that we can yet say with confidence that localized activ ...
... than could readily be held in a Petri dish. Tye appears to assume that the evidence he mentions from MEG scans is, if not conclusive, at least highly probative. He does not cite the source of the evidence, so I cannot evaluate it; but I doubt that we can yet say with confidence that localized activ ...
Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
Somatotopic mapping of natural upper- and lower
... Precise delineation of pathological and eloquent cortices is essential in pre-neurosurgical diagnostics of epilepsy. A limitation of existing experimental procedures, however, is that they critically require active cooperation of the patient, which is not always achievable, particularly in infants a ...
... Precise delineation of pathological and eloquent cortices is essential in pre-neurosurgical diagnostics of epilepsy. A limitation of existing experimental procedures, however, is that they critically require active cooperation of the patient, which is not always achievable, particularly in infants a ...
The effect of lithium on the adrenoceptor
... in clinical medicine. ARs have been classified into several specific subtypes on the basis of pharmacological distinctions. The ARs were first classified into α and β subtypes1 and later into α1-ARs and α2-ARs2 and β1-ARs and β2-ARs.3 Norepinephrine (NE) at physiological concentrations primarily bin ...
... in clinical medicine. ARs have been classified into several specific subtypes on the basis of pharmacological distinctions. The ARs were first classified into α and β subtypes1 and later into α1-ARs and α2-ARs2 and β1-ARs and β2-ARs.3 Norepinephrine (NE) at physiological concentrations primarily bin ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... likely explains why many aspects of cortical structure and function are sexually dimorphic. With this in mind, we will address, when data are available, whether a given perinatal manipulation results in different morphology and/or behavior outcomes for the sexes. As one might guess, these interactio ...
... likely explains why many aspects of cortical structure and function are sexually dimorphic. With this in mind, we will address, when data are available, whether a given perinatal manipulation results in different morphology and/or behavior outcomes for the sexes. As one might guess, these interactio ...
The Ventral Striatopallidum and Extended Amygdala in
... nucleus of the stria terminalis contains only a few cells bordering the dorsal part of the medial nucleus laterally. It is interspersed by fibers projecting to the stria terminalis. The medial sublenticular EA is a homogeneous complex of medium-sized neurons that borders the globus pallidus dorsally ...
... nucleus of the stria terminalis contains only a few cells bordering the dorsal part of the medial nucleus laterally. It is interspersed by fibers projecting to the stria terminalis. The medial sublenticular EA is a homogeneous complex of medium-sized neurons that borders the globus pallidus dorsally ...
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neuropsychology, and computational modeling.Due to its multidisciplinary nature, cognitive neuroscientists may have various backgrounds. Other than the associated disciplines just mentioned, cognitive neuroscientists may have backgrounds in neurobiology, bioengineering, psychiatry, neurology, physics, computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and mathematics.Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental paradigms from psychophysics and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics, and behavioral genetics. Studies of patients with cognitive deficits due to brain lesions constitute an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience. Theoretical approaches include computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology.Cognitive neuroscience can look at the effects of damage to the brain and subsequent changes in the thought processes due to changes in neural circuitry resulting from the ensued damage. Also, cognitive abilities based on brain development is studied and examined under the subfield of developmental cognitive neuroscience.