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4.3 Newton`s Second Law of Motion
4.3 Newton`s Second Law of Motion

... somewhat with speed; there may be some dependence on the surface area of the objects. Also, remember that these equations are for the magnitude of the frictional force—it is always perpendicular to the normal force. (Why?) Note: Friction ONLY depends on the MATERIALS sliding against each other, NOT ...
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... This produces what is called “radiation pressure” which tries to expand the star (essentially blow it up). The star is massive enough that it has a large “gravitional pressure” which tries to compress and crush the star. In a stable star there is an equilibrium between the gravitational and radiatio ...
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Teacher Toolkit - Universal Gravitation

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Lecture Notes for College Physics I

... When the elevator is accelerated upward with net acceleration a, on the one hand, the tension in the cable must now be greater than the weight of the object: T = m (g+a) > mg. In turn, because the object is now exerting a force m (g + a) on the bottom of the elevator greater than its weight, the no ...
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2 The slides about friction are in lecture 8!! 3 TRIGONOMETRY

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Forces Class Notes - Hicksville Public Schools

... 38.  A force of 50 Newtons is used to drag a 10 kg box across a horizontal table. If a frictional force of 15  Newtons is present on the box,  a.  calculate the unbalanced (net) force on the box.  ...
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... of the universe and not to the gravitation field, as would be encoded in its space-time geometry in accordance with Einstein’s general relativity. What we find, in the early universe, is an extraordinary uniformity, and this can be interpreted as the gravitational degrees of freedom that are potenti ...
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The Observable Universe: Redshift, Distances and the Hubble-Law
The Observable Universe: Redshift, Distances and the Hubble-Law

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Modified Newtonian dynamics



In physics, modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies. Created in 1983 by Israeli physicist Mordehai Milgrom, the theory's original motivation was to explain the fact that the velocities of stars in galaxies were observed to be larger than expected based on Newtonian mechanics. Milgrom noted that this discrepancy could be resolved if the gravitational force experienced by a star in the outer regions of a galaxy was proportional to the square of its centripetal acceleration (as opposed to the centripetal acceleration itself, as in Newton's Second Law), or alternatively if gravitational force came to vary inversely with radius (as opposed to the inverse square of the radius, as in Newton's Law of Gravity). In MOND, violation of Newton's Laws occurs at extremely small accelerations, characteristic of galaxies yet far below anything typically encountered in the Solar System or on Earth.MOND is an example of a class of theories known as modified gravity, and is an alternative to the hypothesis that the dynamics of galaxies are determined by massive, invisible dark matter halos. Since Milgrom's original proposal, MOND has successfully predicted a variety of galactic phenomena that are difficult to understand from a dark matter perspective. However, MOND and its generalisations do not adequately account for observed properties of galaxy clusters, and no satisfactory cosmological model has been constructed from the theory.
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