Chapter 19: Viruses 1. Viral Structure & Reproduction What exactly is a Virus?
... maintain homeostasis in any way **It’s hard to “kill” something that’s not really alive, so antibiotics that kill bacteria, fungi, etc, do NOT harm viruses** ...
... maintain homeostasis in any way **It’s hard to “kill” something that’s not really alive, so antibiotics that kill bacteria, fungi, etc, do NOT harm viruses** ...
Protocol for QuickExtract™ RNA Extraction Kit
... preparing RNA for RT-PCR amplification. The QuickExtract RNA Extraction Kit is a singletube system that requires only vortex mixing to lyse the cells, and prepare the RNA for cDNA synthesis. This allows easy processing of one to hundreds of samples in minutes, with no sample loss and without the use ...
... preparing RNA for RT-PCR amplification. The QuickExtract RNA Extraction Kit is a singletube system that requires only vortex mixing to lyse the cells, and prepare the RNA for cDNA synthesis. This allows easy processing of one to hundreds of samples in minutes, with no sample loss and without the use ...
From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression
... Homogentisic acid is part of a biochemical pathway of protein breakdown. Phenylketonuria is another genetic disease that involves this pathway. • The enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine is nonfunctional. • Untreated, it can lead to mental retardation, but is easily detected in ...
... Homogentisic acid is part of a biochemical pathway of protein breakdown. Phenylketonuria is another genetic disease that involves this pathway. • The enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine is nonfunctional. • Untreated, it can lead to mental retardation, but is easily detected in ...
Transcription & Translation
... Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries the genetic information (codons) from DNA Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) – carries amino acids contains anti-codon Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – a structural component of ribosomes ...
... Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries the genetic information (codons) from DNA Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) – carries amino acids contains anti-codon Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – a structural component of ribosomes ...
Ch - TeacherWeb
... 3. to fit inside the nucleus, DNA coils tightly around a group of beadlike proteins called histones b/c the negative phosphate group of the DNA is attracted to the ...
... 3. to fit inside the nucleus, DNA coils tightly around a group of beadlike proteins called histones b/c the negative phosphate group of the DNA is attracted to the ...
which came first- the chicken (dna ) or the egg (rna)?
... make all the molecules needed for life. It even stores all the information for cells to divide. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is a single strand that puts the genetic information found in the DNA to use by building proteins. These proteins can not arrange themselves without the help of the DNA or RNA. Prot ...
... make all the molecules needed for life. It even stores all the information for cells to divide. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is a single strand that puts the genetic information found in the DNA to use by building proteins. These proteins can not arrange themselves without the help of the DNA or RNA. Prot ...
Complementary DNA
... molecules. Structural features in this region may be important for ribosome recognition, binding, and translation efficiency. The rat and human preproinsulin mRNA 5' untranslated regions contain a significant level of homology, when occasional small insertions or deletions (or both) are considered. ...
... molecules. Structural features in this region may be important for ribosome recognition, binding, and translation efficiency. The rat and human preproinsulin mRNA 5' untranslated regions contain a significant level of homology, when occasional small insertions or deletions (or both) are considered. ...
1 How DNA Makes Stuff
... this process is a collection of enzymes called RNA polymerase. There are a few of these, but the one most intimately connected with the process of making proteins is called RNA polymerase II (also called RNAP II or pol II). The DNA is all twisted up, of course, so an enzyme that plays an important r ...
... this process is a collection of enzymes called RNA polymerase. There are a few of these, but the one most intimately connected with the process of making proteins is called RNA polymerase II (also called RNAP II or pol II). The DNA is all twisted up, of course, so an enzyme that plays an important r ...
PASS MOCK EXAM
... 28. The G-‐cap functions to: A) 1. protect degradation of the mRNA strand 2. facilitate transport of mRNA 3. facilitate binding to the A site of a ribosome. B) 1. protect degradation of the mRNA ...
... 28. The G-‐cap functions to: A) 1. protect degradation of the mRNA strand 2. facilitate transport of mRNA 3. facilitate binding to the A site of a ribosome. B) 1. protect degradation of the mRNA ...
Replication - UniMAP Portal
... Next, an enzyme called DNA helicase locally "unzips" the DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases, which exposes the bases in a replication fork. Other protein molecules stabilize the single strands so that they do not rejoin while replication proceeds After ...
... Next, an enzyme called DNA helicase locally "unzips" the DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases, which exposes the bases in a replication fork. Other protein molecules stabilize the single strands so that they do not rejoin while replication proceeds After ...
Genotyping Mice and Rats 5.24.16
... Genotype is most often determined by the analysis of DNA extracted from tissues of young rodents. Analysis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) requires small amounts of DNA obtained from tail biopsies, ear punches, hair, and blood, fecal or oral samples. Larger amounts of DNA are required for Souther ...
... Genotype is most often determined by the analysis of DNA extracted from tissues of young rodents. Analysis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) requires small amounts of DNA obtained from tail biopsies, ear punches, hair, and blood, fecal or oral samples. Larger amounts of DNA are required for Souther ...
Learning Objectives
... 15. Explain how RNA is modified after transcription in eukaryotic cells. 16. Define and explain the role of ribozymes. 17. Describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns. 18. Explain why, due to alternative RNA splicing, the number of different protein products an organism can prod ...
... 15. Explain how RNA is modified after transcription in eukaryotic cells. 16. Define and explain the role of ribozymes. 17. Describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns. 18. Explain why, due to alternative RNA splicing, the number of different protein products an organism can prod ...
Class: 12 Subject: Biology Topic: Principles of
... 1. Polytene chromosome was first observed by A. Stevens and Wilson B. Heitz and Batier C. Balbiani D. Khorana Ans. C 2. Which one is soluble RNA A. tRNA B. mRNA C. rRNA D. snRNA Ans. A Solution: tRNA’s are short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety apable o ...
... 1. Polytene chromosome was first observed by A. Stevens and Wilson B. Heitz and Batier C. Balbiani D. Khorana Ans. C 2. Which one is soluble RNA A. tRNA B. mRNA C. rRNA D. snRNA Ans. A Solution: tRNA’s are short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety apable o ...
... their prokaryotic homolog which revealed that it has a structure similar to RNase H ribonuclease (19). The ago protein was found to be comprised of 4 major domains: N- terminal, PAZ domain, Middle and PIWI domain. The purification and study of RISC revealed that it consist of Ago proteins in a major ...
CHAPTER 12
... C15. In the context of translation, an activated amino acid has had AMP attached to it. This provides necessary energy so that the amino acid can be attached to the correct tRNA. C16. Bases that have been chemically modified can occur at various locations throughout the tRNA molecule. The significan ...
... C15. In the context of translation, an activated amino acid has had AMP attached to it. This provides necessary energy so that the amino acid can be attached to the correct tRNA. C16. Bases that have been chemically modified can occur at various locations throughout the tRNA molecule. The significan ...
Genetic Code, RNA and Protein Synthesis
... genetic code. They also looked at the possibility that each code word would be separated by a "punctuation mark". They found this not to be so using the same process. The DNA sequence for a single protein will have 3 times the number of nucleotides as the number of amino acids in the protein for whi ...
... genetic code. They also looked at the possibility that each code word would be separated by a "punctuation mark". They found this not to be so using the same process. The DNA sequence for a single protein will have 3 times the number of nucleotides as the number of amino acids in the protein for whi ...
2014
... 15. [2 points] In addition to DNA polymerase's intrinsic 3'-5' exonuclease activity, mismatch repair, and base excision repair, two other mechanisms for DNA repair include _(oligo)nucleotide excision repair_ and ____direct repair___. 16. [6 points] In the initiation of transcription in E. coli, the ...
... 15. [2 points] In addition to DNA polymerase's intrinsic 3'-5' exonuclease activity, mismatch repair, and base excision repair, two other mechanisms for DNA repair include _(oligo)nucleotide excision repair_ and ____direct repair___. 16. [6 points] In the initiation of transcription in E. coli, the ...
Chapter 11 Transcription and RNA Processing
... elongation, and (3) termination. • RNA polymerases—the enzymes that catalyze transcription—are complex multimeric proteins. • The covalent extension of RNA chains occurs within locally unwound segments of DNA. ...
... elongation, and (3) termination. • RNA polymerases—the enzymes that catalyze transcription—are complex multimeric proteins. • The covalent extension of RNA chains occurs within locally unwound segments of DNA. ...
Polypeptide Synthesis -Making Proteins
... 1) 5’ end is capped with Guanosine Tri-phosphate – this is called the 5’ cap 2) 3’ end gets a polyadenylated tail – lots of adenines are added – helps keep the mRNA from falling apart 3) RNA is edited for interrupting information DNA contains two types of nucleic acid sequences in a gene. Exons: nu ...
... 1) 5’ end is capped with Guanosine Tri-phosphate – this is called the 5’ cap 2) 3’ end gets a polyadenylated tail – lots of adenines are added – helps keep the mRNA from falling apart 3) RNA is edited for interrupting information DNA contains two types of nucleic acid sequences in a gene. Exons: nu ...
Chapter 10 DNA to Protein
... In the disease β-thalassemia, a mutation may occur at an intron consensus sequence in the β-globin gene—the premRNA can not be spliced correctly. Non-functional β-globin mRNA is produced, which shows how mutations are used to elucidate cause-and-effect relationships. Alternative splicing results in ...
... In the disease β-thalassemia, a mutation may occur at an intron consensus sequence in the β-globin gene—the premRNA can not be spliced correctly. Non-functional β-globin mRNA is produced, which shows how mutations are used to elucidate cause-and-effect relationships. Alternative splicing results in ...
Translation
... region of the 16S ribosomal RNA. • Many bacterial mRNAs code for multiple proteins, each with its own translation start site. This is an easy way to keep the amount of different proteins in the same biochemical pathway relatively equal. • An operon is a group of genes that are all transcribed by a s ...
... region of the 16S ribosomal RNA. • Many bacterial mRNAs code for multiple proteins, each with its own translation start site. This is an easy way to keep the amount of different proteins in the same biochemical pathway relatively equal. • An operon is a group of genes that are all transcribed by a s ...
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation. It, therefore, forms part of the larger process of gene expression.The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene finishes, or terminates. The 3'-most segment of the newly made pre-mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins; these proteins then synthesize the poly(A) tail at the RNA's 3' end. In some genes, these proteins may add a poly(A) tail at any one of several possible sites. Therefore, polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene (alternative polyadenylation), similar to alternative splicing.The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded. However, in a few cell types, mRNAs with short poly(A) tails are stored for later activation by re-polyadenylation in the cytosol. In contrast, when polyadenylation occurs in bacteria, it promotes RNA degradation. This is also sometimes the case for eukaryotic non-coding RNAs.mRNA molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have polyadenylated 3'-ends, with the prokaryotic poly(A) tails generally shorter and less mRNA molecules polyadenylated.