lecture 5
... In a metabolically active cell, approximately 3% to 5% of the cellular RNA is mRNA, 90% is rRNA, and about 4% is tRNA. - Hundreds of different mRNAs can be in one cell. - By contrast, there are four types of rRNA. Three of the rRNAs combine with a set of proteins to form a ribonucleoprotein complex ...
... In a metabolically active cell, approximately 3% to 5% of the cellular RNA is mRNA, 90% is rRNA, and about 4% is tRNA. - Hundreds of different mRNAs can be in one cell. - By contrast, there are four types of rRNA. Three of the rRNAs combine with a set of proteins to form a ribonucleoprotein complex ...
13-1
... RNA Editing Like a writer’s first draft, RNA molecules sometimes require a bit of editing before they are ready to be read. These pre-mRNA molecules have bits and pieces cut out of them before they can go into action. The portions that are cut out and discarded are called introns. In eukaryotes, intr ...
... RNA Editing Like a writer’s first draft, RNA molecules sometimes require a bit of editing before they are ready to be read. These pre-mRNA molecules have bits and pieces cut out of them before they can go into action. The portions that are cut out and discarded are called introns. In eukaryotes, intr ...
Taxonomy of Bacteria and Archaea
... from the same strain), the degree of reassociation is highest and treated as 100%. If a different strain is reannealed with the radiolabeled DNA, it will show a lower degree of reannealing (compared with the 100% attributed to the control), indicative of the similarity between the two strains being ...
... from the same strain), the degree of reassociation is highest and treated as 100%. If a different strain is reannealed with the radiolabeled DNA, it will show a lower degree of reannealing (compared with the 100% attributed to the control), indicative of the similarity between the two strains being ...
Chpt12_RNAProcessing.doc
... Figure 3.3.3. The ends of tRNA in E. coli are produced by the action of three nucleases that cleave the precursor to tRNA. A schematic of the pre-tRNA is shown at the top, with RNA extending from the 5’ and 3’ ends of the RNA that will become the mature tRNA (shown as a cloverleaf). The site of clea ...
... Figure 3.3.3. The ends of tRNA in E. coli are produced by the action of three nucleases that cleave the precursor to tRNA. A schematic of the pre-tRNA is shown at the top, with RNA extending from the 5’ and 3’ ends of the RNA that will become the mature tRNA (shown as a cloverleaf). The site of clea ...
Chpt11_TxnPromoters.doc
... Fig. 3.2.3.b. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends, or 5’ RACE The methods for making cDNA from mRNA are more prone to copy the 3’ ends and middle of mRNAs than the 5’ ends. Thus it is common to have access to this part of the cDNA, and that provides the sequence information for the second, or internal, ...
... Fig. 3.2.3.b. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends, or 5’ RACE The methods for making cDNA from mRNA are more prone to copy the 3’ ends and middle of mRNAs than the 5’ ends. Thus it is common to have access to this part of the cDNA, and that provides the sequence information for the second, or internal, ...
Chapter 5 Gases - Annmarie Kotarba | Nurse, Teacher and
... proteins that are bound to different parts of the promoter • The general transcriptional machinery binds to the TATA box of the promoter, and is required for RNA polymerase to bind • An activator has at least two functional domains: • A DNA recognition site that binds to an enhancer • An activation ...
... proteins that are bound to different parts of the promoter • The general transcriptional machinery binds to the TATA box of the promoter, and is required for RNA polymerase to bind • An activator has at least two functional domains: • A DNA recognition site that binds to an enhancer • An activation ...
Rethinking Gene Expression and Evolution (Nobel Lecture)
... suggests how the genetic material can be replicated. They stated in their famously brief paper in Nature[1] that, “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” The DNA strands are wrapped aroun ...
... suggests how the genetic material can be replicated. They stated in their famously brief paper in Nature[1] that, “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” The DNA strands are wrapped aroun ...
8.5 Translation
... – The now empty tRNA molecule exits the ribosome. – A complementary tRNA molecule binds to the next exposed codon. – Once the stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the protein and disassembles. ...
... – The now empty tRNA molecule exits the ribosome. – A complementary tRNA molecule binds to the next exposed codon. – Once the stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the protein and disassembles. ...
The origin of the RNA world: Co-evolution of genes and metabolism
... amino acids and cofactors that could not be replicated directly, but that contributed to catalytic processes. These ideas build upon theoretical studies of the properties of self-sustaining and autocatalytic sets of molecules [11,12] by providing an explicit consideration of molecular reactivity and ...
... amino acids and cofactors that could not be replicated directly, but that contributed to catalytic processes. These ideas build upon theoretical studies of the properties of self-sustaining and autocatalytic sets of molecules [11,12] by providing an explicit consideration of molecular reactivity and ...
Transcription (genetics)
... to form a double helix DNA structure. This cDNA is integrated into the host cell's genome via another enzyme (integrase) causing the host cell to generate viral proteins which reassemble into new viral particles. Subsequently, the host cell undergoes programmed cell death, apoptosis. Some eukaryotic ...
... to form a double helix DNA structure. This cDNA is integrated into the host cell's genome via another enzyme (integrase) causing the host cell to generate viral proteins which reassemble into new viral particles. Subsequently, the host cell undergoes programmed cell death, apoptosis. Some eukaryotic ...
Exam notes for bio250 semester one
... synthesis. Circular genomes contain more than one replication fork. Steps and or factors needed for replication (prokaryotic): Firstly initiator proteins bind, then there is unwinding by helicase and binding of primase, then the sliding clamp binds and holds DNA polymerase onto the DNA and then DNA ...
... synthesis. Circular genomes contain more than one replication fork. Steps and or factors needed for replication (prokaryotic): Firstly initiator proteins bind, then there is unwinding by helicase and binding of primase, then the sliding clamp binds and holds DNA polymerase onto the DNA and then DNA ...
Lecture Slides
... • Experiment: Tens of thousands of people over the age of 65 were followed during the ten flu seasons of the 1990s. • Results: People who were vaccinated had a: – 27% less chance of being hospitalized during the next flu season and – 48% less chance of dying ...
... • Experiment: Tens of thousands of people over the age of 65 were followed during the ten flu seasons of the 1990s. • Results: People who were vaccinated had a: – 27% less chance of being hospitalized during the next flu season and – 48% less chance of dying ...
Distinct Roles for Drosophila Dicer-1 and Dicer
... dsRNA processing depletion of dicer results in reduced effectiveness of injected siRNA Dicer binds to components of RISC (R2D2) & binds tightly to siRNA Role of Dicer in siRISC is not well characterized… The authors took a genetic approach to study Dicer function in Drosophila ...
... dsRNA processing depletion of dicer results in reduced effectiveness of injected siRNA Dicer binds to components of RISC (R2D2) & binds tightly to siRNA Role of Dicer in siRISC is not well characterized… The authors took a genetic approach to study Dicer function in Drosophila ...
An enzyme within the ribosome catalyzes a synthesis reaction to
... 1. To start protein synthesis, a ribosome binds to mRNA. The ribosome has two binding sites for tRNA with its amino acid. Note that the first codon to associate with a tRNA is AUG, the start codon, which codes for methionine. The codon of mRNA and the anitcodon of tRNA are aligned and joined. The ot ...
... 1. To start protein synthesis, a ribosome binds to mRNA. The ribosome has two binding sites for tRNA with its amino acid. Note that the first codon to associate with a tRNA is AUG, the start codon, which codes for methionine. The codon of mRNA and the anitcodon of tRNA are aligned and joined. The ot ...
Controlling Gene Expression
... • Repressor is active (fits into operator) • Need an outside molecule from environment to inactivate repressor • Inducer has the role of inactivating repressor • Proteins produced through transcription ...
... • Repressor is active (fits into operator) • Need an outside molecule from environment to inactivate repressor • Inducer has the role of inactivating repressor • Proteins produced through transcription ...
Gene7-10
... Allosteric control refers to the ability of an interaction at one site of a protein to influence the activity of another site. Coordinate regulation refers to the common control of a group of genes. Corepressor is a small molecule that triggers repression of transcription by binding to a regulator p ...
... Allosteric control refers to the ability of an interaction at one site of a protein to influence the activity of another site. Coordinate regulation refers to the common control of a group of genes. Corepressor is a small molecule that triggers repression of transcription by binding to a regulator p ...
12.1 Components of Nucleic Acids
... The secondary structure of DNA was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. This was perhaps the greatest discovery of modern biology and one of the most remarkable and profound events in the history of science. Watson and Crick concluded that DNA is a double helix containing two polynucl ...
... The secondary structure of DNA was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. This was perhaps the greatest discovery of modern biology and one of the most remarkable and profound events in the history of science. Watson and Crick concluded that DNA is a double helix containing two polynucl ...
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BI0I 121 cel]
... Select the best fitting description for EXON. A. Smallest of the RNA molecules; many different kinds. B. Single long strand that passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. C. Part of the mRNA that is translated into a polypeptide. D. Noncoding part of the mRNA transcript that is excised before the mR ...
... Select the best fitting description for EXON. A. Smallest of the RNA molecules; many different kinds. B. Single long strand that passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. C. Part of the mRNA that is translated into a polypeptide. D. Noncoding part of the mRNA transcript that is excised before the mR ...
12_ Nucleic Acids
... The secondary structure of DNA was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. This was perhaps the greatest discovery of modern biology and one of the most remarkable and profound events in the history of science. Watson and Crick concluded that DNA is a double helix containing two polynucl ...
... The secondary structure of DNA was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. This was perhaps the greatest discovery of modern biology and one of the most remarkable and profound events in the history of science. Watson and Crick concluded that DNA is a double helix containing two polynucl ...
Chapter 8
... Termination codons are recognized by protein release factors, not by aminoacyl-tRNAs. The structures of the class 1 release factors resemble aminoacyl-tRNA-EF-Tu and EF-G. The class 1 release factors respond to specific termination codons and hydrolyze the polypeptide-tRNA linkage. The class 1 relea ...
... Termination codons are recognized by protein release factors, not by aminoacyl-tRNAs. The structures of the class 1 release factors resemble aminoacyl-tRNA-EF-Tu and EF-G. The class 1 release factors respond to specific termination codons and hydrolyze the polypeptide-tRNA linkage. The class 1 relea ...
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation. It, therefore, forms part of the larger process of gene expression.The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene finishes, or terminates. The 3'-most segment of the newly made pre-mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins; these proteins then synthesize the poly(A) tail at the RNA's 3' end. In some genes, these proteins may add a poly(A) tail at any one of several possible sites. Therefore, polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene (alternative polyadenylation), similar to alternative splicing.The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded. However, in a few cell types, mRNAs with short poly(A) tails are stored for later activation by re-polyadenylation in the cytosol. In contrast, when polyadenylation occurs in bacteria, it promotes RNA degradation. This is also sometimes the case for eukaryotic non-coding RNAs.mRNA molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have polyadenylated 3'-ends, with the prokaryotic poly(A) tails generally shorter and less mRNA molecules polyadenylated.