Nod factor internalization and microtubular
... In legumes such as alfalfa and vetch, the nodule meristem remains active for several weeks, thus leading to the formation of elongated indeterminate nodules comprising central and peripheral tissues. Histologically, central tissues are organized into five well-defined zones: the apical meristematic ...
... In legumes such as alfalfa and vetch, the nodule meristem remains active for several weeks, thus leading to the formation of elongated indeterminate nodules comprising central and peripheral tissues. Histologically, central tissues are organized into five well-defined zones: the apical meristematic ...
Second Half of Glycolysis
... Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Nearly all living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. The process does not use oxygen and is therefore anaerobic. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic an ...
... Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Nearly all living organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. The process does not use oxygen and is therefore anaerobic. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic an ...
Supplementary Information
... intensity filtration only 2503 of 6155 ORFs were present in all 12 microarrays compared. An intensity dependent normalization was applied using lowess with a smoothing factor f=20% for all experiments ...
... intensity filtration only 2503 of 6155 ORFs were present in all 12 microarrays compared. An intensity dependent normalization was applied using lowess with a smoothing factor f=20% for all experiments ...
Dual targeting of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to the mitochondrion
... Accepted 18 September 2012 Journal of Cell Science 125, 6176–6184 ß 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi: 10.1242/jcs.116533 ...
... Accepted 18 September 2012 Journal of Cell Science 125, 6176–6184 ß 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi: 10.1242/jcs.116533 ...
Inhibition of breast and brain cancer cell growth by BCCIPa
... mouse BRCA2. It is expected that important functions of BRCA2 reside in these conserved domains. Based on the functional analysis of the conserved BRCA2 domains, several models have been proposed for the role of BRCA2 in tumor suppression. An N-terminus conserved domain in exon 3 (amino acids 48 ± 1 ...
... mouse BRCA2. It is expected that important functions of BRCA2 reside in these conserved domains. Based on the functional analysis of the conserved BRCA2 domains, several models have been proposed for the role of BRCA2 in tumor suppression. An N-terminus conserved domain in exon 3 (amino acids 48 ± 1 ...
doc
... ULG2 studies the scaffold protein TANK/I-TRAF, which is a TRAF2 and IKK-interacting protein that is required for the TNF-induced and NF-B-dependent expression of a selection of target genes (Bonif et al., 2006). The fact that TANK also binds TBK1 and IKK kinases, which are essential components of ...
... ULG2 studies the scaffold protein TANK/I-TRAF, which is a TRAF2 and IKK-interacting protein that is required for the TNF-induced and NF-B-dependent expression of a selection of target genes (Bonif et al., 2006). The fact that TANK also binds TBK1 and IKK kinases, which are essential components of ...
Neurodegenerative diseases
... Outeiro and Lindquist, 2003; Van Ham et al, 2008; Wang et al, 2009a). These organisms share at least 30% of their genes with humans and show a strong evolutionary conservation of many cellular pathways (Table 1). In fact, several regulatory pathways that play a major role in human embryonic developm ...
... Outeiro and Lindquist, 2003; Van Ham et al, 2008; Wang et al, 2009a). These organisms share at least 30% of their genes with humans and show a strong evolutionary conservation of many cellular pathways (Table 1). In fact, several regulatory pathways that play a major role in human embryonic developm ...
Gene Section RBBP8 (retinoblastoma binding protein 8) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... phosphorylation site that corresponds to Ser327 in hCtIP. The Rb-binding motif is conserved only in mammalian CtIP. The N-terminal and C-terminal regions of all the CtIP homologs show high degrees of conservation. The ATM target site that corresponds to Ser664 is not conserved in CtIP of certain spe ...
... phosphorylation site that corresponds to Ser327 in hCtIP. The Rb-binding motif is conserved only in mammalian CtIP. The N-terminal and C-terminal regions of all the CtIP homologs show high degrees of conservation. The ATM target site that corresponds to Ser664 is not conserved in CtIP of certain spe ...
The dynamics of plant plasma membrane proteins
... 2006; Yang and Murphy, 2009). However, whether PINs per se are sufficient to mediate such translocation remains to be demonstrated. PINs could also form part of a heteromeric protein complex, constituting a plasma membrane-localized auxin efflux module (Blakeslee et al., 2007; Titapiwatanakun et al. ...
... 2006; Yang and Murphy, 2009). However, whether PINs per se are sufficient to mediate such translocation remains to be demonstrated. PINs could also form part of a heteromeric protein complex, constituting a plasma membrane-localized auxin efflux module (Blakeslee et al., 2007; Titapiwatanakun et al. ...
Developmental control of a G1-S transcriptional program in Drosophila
... are constitutively expressed during the early cycles is extinguished upon appearance of a G1. Subsequent expression of each gene occurs in an identical, complex spatiotemporal pattern that is precisely coincident with the onset of S phase. This transcription program can be provoked by the G1 cyclin, ...
... are constitutively expressed during the early cycles is extinguished upon appearance of a G1. Subsequent expression of each gene occurs in an identical, complex spatiotemporal pattern that is precisely coincident with the onset of S phase. This transcription program can be provoked by the G1 cyclin, ...
Calcium Signaling. Cell 131: 1047
... simply to buffer or lower Ca2+ levels, and in others to trigger cellular processes. The local nature of Ca2+ signaling is intimately tied to this large range of affinities. The calcium ion can accommodate 4–12 oxygen atoms in its primary coordination sphere, with 6–8 being most common. The chelating ...
... simply to buffer or lower Ca2+ levels, and in others to trigger cellular processes. The local nature of Ca2+ signaling is intimately tied to this large range of affinities. The calcium ion can accommodate 4–12 oxygen atoms in its primary coordination sphere, with 6–8 being most common. The chelating ...
Review
... (B) The core of the Ca2+ signaling network. In excitatory Ca2+ signaling, plasma membrane ion channels are triggered to open by changes in voltage, or extra- or intracellular ligand binding. When open, ?1 million Ca2+ ions/s/channel flow down the 20,000 fold [Ca2+]i gradient (ECa ? +150 mV), maintai ...
... (B) The core of the Ca2+ signaling network. In excitatory Ca2+ signaling, plasma membrane ion channels are triggered to open by changes in voltage, or extra- or intracellular ligand binding. When open, ?1 million Ca2+ ions/s/channel flow down the 20,000 fold [Ca2+]i gradient (ECa ? +150 mV), maintai ...
Amino_Acids_and_Protein_Background_Info_
... acids. Other animal and some plant proteins from corn, wheat, gelatin, soybeans, peanuts, potatoes, poultry, fish, and red meats in various combinations, can also provide the complete proteins that contain the amino acids essential to the body's health and well-being. (See PROTEIN IN FOODS in Resour ...
... acids. Other animal and some plant proteins from corn, wheat, gelatin, soybeans, peanuts, potatoes, poultry, fish, and red meats in various combinations, can also provide the complete proteins that contain the amino acids essential to the body's health and well-being. (See PROTEIN IN FOODS in Resour ...
The Stem Cell Factor Receptor/c-Kit as a Drug Target in
... Consequently, this reduces the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim, which in addition is functionally downregulated by Mek-dependent phosphorylation. Furthermore, using knock-in methodology to produce mice expressing c-KitY719F it was shown that male mice were sterile due to a block in sperma ...
... Consequently, this reduces the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim, which in addition is functionally downregulated by Mek-dependent phosphorylation. Furthermore, using knock-in methodology to produce mice expressing c-KitY719F it was shown that male mice were sterile due to a block in sperma ...
Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, Signaling - Biology E
... diffuse through. 24. Are neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters? At some synapses, the ligand-gated ion channel is permeable to both K+ and Na+. When this channel opens, the membrane potential depolarizes toward a value roughly midwa ...
... diffuse through. 24. Are neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters? At some synapses, the ligand-gated ion channel is permeable to both K+ and Na+. When this channel opens, the membrane potential depolarizes toward a value roughly midwa ...
Neurophysiological Aspects of Song Pattern Recognition and Sound
... SYNOPSIS. In their intraspecific communication females of the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus are able to detect minute gaps in songs. Males of this species can lateralize sound with less than 1 dB difference between the two ears. Behavioral experiments suggested that separate pathways exist for ...
... SYNOPSIS. In their intraspecific communication females of the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus are able to detect minute gaps in songs. Males of this species can lateralize sound with less than 1 dB difference between the two ears. Behavioral experiments suggested that separate pathways exist for ...
How to present a scientific paper
... How might ErbB2 regulate glycolysis? • Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) is a key glycolytic enzyme, and its expression is increased in mouse mammary epithelial cells that overexpress a form of ErbB2 • Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a transcription factor that regulates glucose metabolism which is its ...
... How might ErbB2 regulate glycolysis? • Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) is a key glycolytic enzyme, and its expression is increased in mouse mammary epithelial cells that overexpress a form of ErbB2 • Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a transcription factor that regulates glucose metabolism which is its ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Mechanisms of pattern formation in development
... in developmental changes that produce new patterns. Because induction is a prerequisite for development to proceed no particular attention is normally paid to the order in which inductive and morphogenetic mechanisms function. We suggest, however, that the relative timing, including possible coincid ...
... in developmental changes that produce new patterns. Because induction is a prerequisite for development to proceed no particular attention is normally paid to the order in which inductive and morphogenetic mechanisms function. We suggest, however, that the relative timing, including possible coincid ...
The NK2.1 receptor is encoded by Ly-49C and its
... NK2.1/Ly-49C expression is mainly modulated by H-2Kb and H-2Dk To clarify further the contribution of H-2 loci in regulating NK2.1/Ly-49C expression, a series of B10 congenic strains carrying a chromosome 17 differential segment of variable length inherited from DBA/2 or A mice were included in the ...
... NK2.1/Ly-49C expression is mainly modulated by H-2Kb and H-2Dk To clarify further the contribution of H-2 loci in regulating NK2.1/Ly-49C expression, a series of B10 congenic strains carrying a chromosome 17 differential segment of variable length inherited from DBA/2 or A mice were included in the ...
Coagulation
... • Following damage to the blood vessel, FVII comes into contact with tissue factor (TF) expressing cells (stromal fibroblasts and leukocytes) and forms activated complex (TF-FVIIa). • TF-FVIIa activates FIX and FX to FIXa and FXa. • FXa and co-factor FVa form the prothrombinase complex and convert p ...
... • Following damage to the blood vessel, FVII comes into contact with tissue factor (TF) expressing cells (stromal fibroblasts and leukocytes) and forms activated complex (TF-FVIIa). • TF-FVIIa activates FIX and FX to FIXa and FXa. • FXa and co-factor FVa form the prothrombinase complex and convert p ...
213lec6
... what differentiate the 20 amino acids from one another. D. Of the 20 amino acids, 9 are essential and 11 are nonessential. Essential amino acids must be obtained through the diet; the body can make nonessential amino acids from other compounds in the body. E. Under certain conditions, some amino aci ...
... what differentiate the 20 amino acids from one another. D. Of the 20 amino acids, 9 are essential and 11 are nonessential. Essential amino acids must be obtained through the diet; the body can make nonessential amino acids from other compounds in the body. E. Under certain conditions, some amino aci ...
Biochemistry of Nervous System
... 1- Ionotropic receptors that bind glutamate released from presynaptic neurons referred to as kainate, 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxalone propionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. 2- Metabotropic glutamate receptors that are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) ...
... 1- Ionotropic receptors that bind glutamate released from presynaptic neurons referred to as kainate, 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxalone propionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. 2- Metabotropic glutamate receptors that are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) ...
Contents - Hodder Education
... In a multicellular animal such as a human being, diffusion also plays an important role in the exchange of respiratory gases. Blood returning to the lungs from respiring cells (see Figure 2.6) contains a higher concentration of carbon dioxide and a lower concentration of oxygen than the air in the a ...
... In a multicellular animal such as a human being, diffusion also plays an important role in the exchange of respiratory gases. Blood returning to the lungs from respiring cells (see Figure 2.6) contains a higher concentration of carbon dioxide and a lower concentration of oxygen than the air in the a ...
ch15 autonomic nervous system
... 1. The adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine (Figure 15.7) and include most sympathetic postganglionic neurons. 2. The main types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and beta receptors. a. These receptors are further classified into subtypes. b. Depending on the subtype, activation of the receptor ...
... 1. The adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine (Figure 15.7) and include most sympathetic postganglionic neurons. 2. The main types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and beta receptors. a. These receptors are further classified into subtypes. b. Depending on the subtype, activation of the receptor ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.