Polar auxin transport and patterning
... creating the patterns observed in nature. Intriguingly, polarity reversals at the edges of flower primordia have been observed (Heisler et al. 2005), and the combination of experimental and modeling evidence makes a case that these might be changes caused by the proposed (as yet unknown) mechanism o ...
... creating the patterns observed in nature. Intriguingly, polarity reversals at the edges of flower primordia have been observed (Heisler et al. 2005), and the combination of experimental and modeling evidence makes a case that these might be changes caused by the proposed (as yet unknown) mechanism o ...
GATA-2 functions downstream of BMPs and CaM KIV in ectodermal
... the embryo and showed that the majority of primitive erythroblasts lose their nuclei between E12.5 and E16.5 (Kingsley et al., 2004). In vitro, primitive and definitive erythrocytes come from different colonies. When E7.25 mouse yolk sac cells are cultured in vitro, they form erythroid progenitors, ...
... the embryo and showed that the majority of primitive erythroblasts lose their nuclei between E12.5 and E16.5 (Kingsley et al., 2004). In vitro, primitive and definitive erythrocytes come from different colonies. When E7.25 mouse yolk sac cells are cultured in vitro, they form erythroid progenitors, ...
Wnt Reporter Assay - Enzo Life Sciences
... Figure 4. Validated system for screening small molecules. Leading Light Reporter Cells were seeded and incubated at 37°C overnight. After 24h, cells were treated with Wnt-3a, Wnt-3a + DKK-1, and Wnt-3a + DKK-1 + (3.3 or 10 µM) IIIC3 (DKK-1 inhibitor) for 6 hours at 37°C. Untreated cells were used as ...
... Figure 4. Validated system for screening small molecules. Leading Light Reporter Cells were seeded and incubated at 37°C overnight. After 24h, cells were treated with Wnt-3a, Wnt-3a + DKK-1, and Wnt-3a + DKK-1 + (3.3 or 10 µM) IIIC3 (DKK-1 inhibitor) for 6 hours at 37°C. Untreated cells were used as ...
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... autophagy-regulating protein IRGM (Immunity-Related GTPase family M protein) [3,8,9]. Finally, cell-cell fusion can also trigger autophagy, which contributes to sustaining both infected-syncytia viability and MeV replication [4]. Thus, MeV displays a very intricate relationship with autophagy and be ...
... autophagy-regulating protein IRGM (Immunity-Related GTPase family M protein) [3,8,9]. Finally, cell-cell fusion can also trigger autophagy, which contributes to sustaining both infected-syncytia viability and MeV replication [4]. Thus, MeV displays a very intricate relationship with autophagy and be ...
Expression α Importance for the Up-Regulation of TNF- MOPC
... a concentration of 0.5– 0.75 ⫻ 106 cells/ml in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 0.1 mM nonessential amino acids (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). In experiments assessing the importance of RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, or reactive oxygen species for L-PAM-induced accumulation of IFN- mRN ...
... a concentration of 0.5– 0.75 ⫻ 106 cells/ml in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 0.1 mM nonessential amino acids (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). In experiments assessing the importance of RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, or reactive oxygen species for L-PAM-induced accumulation of IFN- mRN ...
Protein Synthesis within Dendrites: Glycosylation
... than described originally (Torre and Steward, 1992). This condition improves the quality and survival of the cultures. After 2 hr at 378C, the sandwiches were placed cell side down in dishes containing a confluent monolayer of astroglial cells. The sandwiches floated on the medium surface throughout ...
... than described originally (Torre and Steward, 1992). This condition improves the quality and survival of the cultures. After 2 hr at 378C, the sandwiches were placed cell side down in dishes containing a confluent monolayer of astroglial cells. The sandwiches floated on the medium surface throughout ...
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... n-hexane extract on silica gel (Silica Gel G) TLC plates using the optimized solvent system toluen/ethyl acetate (3:1; v/v). Both isolated compounds belong to the group of sterols and have a lipophilic character. It is surprising that they were isolated from the ethanol extract, typical of polypheno ...
... n-hexane extract on silica gel (Silica Gel G) TLC plates using the optimized solvent system toluen/ethyl acetate (3:1; v/v). Both isolated compounds belong to the group of sterols and have a lipophilic character. It is surprising that they were isolated from the ethanol extract, typical of polypheno ...
Conditional lethality of a yeast strain expressing human RHOA in place of RHO1 .
... Rho GTPases, which comprise one subfamily of ras-related GTP-binding proteins, are thought to act as molecular switches by cycling between two states (the active GTPbound form and the inactive GDP-bound form) (1, 2). Transitions between these two states are controlled by regulator molecules, includi ...
... Rho GTPases, which comprise one subfamily of ras-related GTP-binding proteins, are thought to act as molecular switches by cycling between two states (the active GTPbound form and the inactive GDP-bound form) (1, 2). Transitions between these two states are controlled by regulator molecules, includi ...
identification of a macrophage antigen
... the radioactivity was precipitable in1090trichloroacetic acid(TCA). Listeria macrophage cell surface (3, 4). In the present study, we monocytogenes labeled with lZ5l ('251-Listeria)were stored at 4°C in PBS attempt to correlate the uptake, ingestion, and catabolism of for use over several weeks and ...
... the radioactivity was precipitable in1090trichloroacetic acid(TCA). Listeria macrophage cell surface (3, 4). In the present study, we monocytogenes labeled with lZ5l ('251-Listeria)were stored at 4°C in PBS attempt to correlate the uptake, ingestion, and catabolism of for use over several weeks and ...
The TNF-family cytokine TL1A drives IL-13
... inflammation as well. These results establish a novel link between TL1A and interleukin 13 (IL-13) responses that results in small intestinal inflammation, and also establish that TL1A–DR3 interactions are necessary and sufficient for T cell-dependent IBD. ...
... inflammation as well. These results establish a novel link between TL1A and interleukin 13 (IL-13) responses that results in small intestinal inflammation, and also establish that TL1A–DR3 interactions are necessary and sufficient for T cell-dependent IBD. ...
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... and hypophosphorylated Rb); (4) senescence-associated heterochromatic foci; and (5) enlarged or flat cell morphology [29]. In addition, senescent cells secrete a number of extracellular factors, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), insulin-like growth factor 1 binding protein (IGFBP), a ...
... and hypophosphorylated Rb); (4) senescence-associated heterochromatic foci; and (5) enlarged or flat cell morphology [29]. In addition, senescent cells secrete a number of extracellular factors, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), insulin-like growth factor 1 binding protein (IGFBP), a ...
central spindle and contractile ring for cytokinesis encodes a kinesin
... proteins, dissociate from chromosomes at the metaphase–anaphase transition to be deposited at the cell equator. The inner centromere proteins (INCENPs), for example, transfer to the central spindle and the cell cortex and are necessary for completion of cytokinesis (Eckley et al. 1997; Earnshaw and ...
... proteins, dissociate from chromosomes at the metaphase–anaphase transition to be deposited at the cell equator. The inner centromere proteins (INCENPs), for example, transfer to the central spindle and the cell cortex and are necessary for completion of cytokinesis (Eckley et al. 1997; Earnshaw and ...
Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell 08-09
... Natural laws limit cell size The lower limit of cell size is determined by the fact that a cell must be large enough to house the parts it needs to survive and reproduce The maximum size of a cell is limited by the amount of surface needed to obtain nutrients from the environment and dispose of was ...
... Natural laws limit cell size The lower limit of cell size is determined by the fact that a cell must be large enough to house the parts it needs to survive and reproduce The maximum size of a cell is limited by the amount of surface needed to obtain nutrients from the environment and dispose of was ...
Deciphering the molecular functions of sterols in cellulose
... As for many integral membrane complexes, biochemical analysis of cellulose synthase has proven to be a major challenge. The enzyme complex is highly unstable, and PM extractions typically result in loss of cellulose synthase activity (Delmer, 1999; Bessueille and Bulone, 2008). In vitro synthesis of ...
... As for many integral membrane complexes, biochemical analysis of cellulose synthase has proven to be a major challenge. The enzyme complex is highly unstable, and PM extractions typically result in loss of cellulose synthase activity (Delmer, 1999; Bessueille and Bulone, 2008). In vitro synthesis of ...
Osmotic Effects on the Electrical Properties of
... The major compartments of a higher plant cell are the vacuole and the cytoplasm, but the vacuole dominates due to its large volume compared with the cytoplasm. In the context of osmotic adjustments required for regulation of root cell turgor (Shabala and Lew, 2002), the vacuole must play an importan ...
... The major compartments of a higher plant cell are the vacuole and the cytoplasm, but the vacuole dominates due to its large volume compared with the cytoplasm. In the context of osmotic adjustments required for regulation of root cell turgor (Shabala and Lew, 2002), the vacuole must play an importan ...
GSDMD membrane pore formation constitutes
... wild type macrophages functioning as a reference control. As the authors only rely on the presence of "30 kDa bands" to identify the N-terminus of GSDMD, the requested data are important. Also the catalogue number of the GSDMD antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) should be provided. Band patterns in ...
... wild type macrophages functioning as a reference control. As the authors only rely on the presence of "30 kDa bands" to identify the N-terminus of GSDMD, the requested data are important. Also the catalogue number of the GSDMD antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) should be provided. Band patterns in ...
Genetic analysis of seed coat development in Arabidopsis
... suggesting that TT16 controls the differentiation of all cells of the inner integument [6,35]. Thus, TT16 can be considered to be a global regulator of endothelial differentiation, lying upstream of the other transcription factors (Figure 3). The specific role of TT1 is less clear. TT1 is not requir ...
... suggesting that TT16 controls the differentiation of all cells of the inner integument [6,35]. Thus, TT16 can be considered to be a global regulator of endothelial differentiation, lying upstream of the other transcription factors (Figure 3). The specific role of TT1 is less clear. TT1 is not requir ...
The Lyn kinase C-lobe mediates Golgi export of Lyn through
... quantified, and results (%) represent means ± s.d. from three independent experiments (n>200). Asterisks indicate significant differences (*P<0.05; ***P<0.001; NS, not significant) calculated by Student’s t-test. The results 24 hours after transfection are from a representative experiment (n>200). ( ...
... quantified, and results (%) represent means ± s.d. from three independent experiments (n>200). Asterisks indicate significant differences (*P<0.05; ***P<0.001; NS, not significant) calculated by Student’s t-test. The results 24 hours after transfection are from a representative experiment (n>200). ( ...
Fractionation of Membranes from Metschnikowi`a
... since the cytosol of M . reukarrfii has a pH of 6-2(Aldermann & Hiifer, 1981). The idination of tyrosine residues of plasma-membrane proteins occurs at pH 7.5 in the presence of H 2 0 2and lactopcroxidase (Phillips & Morrison, 1970; 1971).The size of lactoperoxidase molecules (mol. wt 78000) prevent ...
... since the cytosol of M . reukarrfii has a pH of 6-2(Aldermann & Hiifer, 1981). The idination of tyrosine residues of plasma-membrane proteins occurs at pH 7.5 in the presence of H 2 0 2and lactopcroxidase (Phillips & Morrison, 1970; 1971).The size of lactoperoxidase molecules (mol. wt 78000) prevent ...
RNA Processing Bodies, Peroxisomes, Golgi Bodies, Mitochondria
... et al. 2010). Interestingly, although actin filaments sustain long-distance transport of plant organelles, it has recently been observed that microtubules influence short-distance behavior, causing pauses for both peroxisomes (Chuong et al. 2005) and the Golgi (Crowell et al. 2009, Gutierrez et al. ...
... et al. 2010). Interestingly, although actin filaments sustain long-distance transport of plant organelles, it has recently been observed that microtubules influence short-distance behavior, causing pauses for both peroxisomes (Chuong et al. 2005) and the Golgi (Crowell et al. 2009, Gutierrez et al. ...
Glycosyltransferase activity of Fringe modulates
... letters to nature sequences from the transmembrane protein CD2 (Fig. 4a). Cells expressing Notch–CD2 and Golgi-tethered Fringe–GT bound over 50-fold more Delta–AP than cells expressing Notch–CD2 alone or control cells (Fig. 4b). This observation indicates that the EGF repeats of Notch are sufficien ...
... letters to nature sequences from the transmembrane protein CD2 (Fig. 4a). Cells expressing Notch–CD2 and Golgi-tethered Fringe–GT bound over 50-fold more Delta–AP than cells expressing Notch–CD2 alone or control cells (Fig. 4b). This observation indicates that the EGF repeats of Notch are sufficien ...
Cell encapsulation
Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of the cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane that permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products and therapeutic proteins. At the same time, the semi-permeable nature of the membrane prevents immune cells and antibodies from destroying the encapsulated cells regarding them as foreign invaders.The main motive of cell encapsulation technology is to overcome the existing problem of graft rejection in tissue engineering applications and thus reduce the need for long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant to control side effects.