review cell division from a genetic perspective
... bination, mutation, or deletion, because each type of aberration produces a unique pattern of spots. Mutations at 13 loci, originally isolated for their effects upon meiosis, have been examined. Six of them produce mitotic chromosome instability, and at least three of these are also abnormally sensi ...
... bination, mutation, or deletion, because each type of aberration produces a unique pattern of spots. Mutations at 13 loci, originally isolated for their effects upon meiosis, have been examined. Six of them produce mitotic chromosome instability, and at least three of these are also abnormally sensi ...
Verrucomicrobia Capturing Single Cell Genomes of Active Polysaccharide
... reported from other environments, indicating that they are broadly distributed and are not limited to the samples analyzed in this study (Figure 3A). Remarkably, none of these phylotypes comprised more than 1% of the total bacterioplankton (HNA and LNA fractions). This corroborates our finding that ...
... reported from other environments, indicating that they are broadly distributed and are not limited to the samples analyzed in this study (Figure 3A). Remarkably, none of these phylotypes comprised more than 1% of the total bacterioplankton (HNA and LNA fractions). This corroborates our finding that ...
Germinal Center Dynamics Revealed by Multiphoton Microscopy with a Photoactivatable Fluorescent Reporter
... restricted to the DZ, with a net vector of B cell movement from the DZ to the LZ. The decision to return to the DZ and undergo clonal expansion is controlled by T helper cells in the GC LZ, which discern between LZ B cells based on the amount of antigen captured and presented. Thus, T cell help, and ...
... restricted to the DZ, with a net vector of B cell movement from the DZ to the LZ. The decision to return to the DZ and undergo clonal expansion is controlled by T helper cells in the GC LZ, which discern between LZ B cells based on the amount of antigen captured and presented. Thus, T cell help, and ...
Bio-engineered and native red blood cells from cord blood exhibit
... When the metabolomes of nRBCs and cRBCs were compared, most metabolites with increased cRets levels had returned to nRBCs levels in cRBCs (Figure 3). This was due to an increased concentration of the differential metabolites in nRBCs and was consistent with the culture medium origin of the increased ...
... When the metabolomes of nRBCs and cRBCs were compared, most metabolites with increased cRets levels had returned to nRBCs levels in cRBCs (Figure 3). This was due to an increased concentration of the differential metabolites in nRBCs and was consistent with the culture medium origin of the increased ...
A DNA damage checkpoint pathway coordinates the
... We transformed AmutBmut with chk1 and atr1 RNAi plasmids as well as the empty plasmid used for the silencing as a control (RNAi control). Two independent silenced clones for each gene -showing a different silencing degree- as well as one clone carrying the control construct were chosen for further a ...
... We transformed AmutBmut with chk1 and atr1 RNAi plasmids as well as the empty plasmid used for the silencing as a control (RNAi control). Two independent silenced clones for each gene -showing a different silencing degree- as well as one clone carrying the control construct were chosen for further a ...
Rearrangement of the Keratin Cytoskeleton after
... The distribution and arrangement of cytokeratin in a control culture of HeLa cells that has been reacted with anti-akeratin antiserum and visualized using indirect immunofluorescence is shown in Figure 2a. The uniform-sized, wavyappearing keratin filaments are evenly distributed throughout the cytop ...
... The distribution and arrangement of cytokeratin in a control culture of HeLa cells that has been reacted with anti-akeratin antiserum and visualized using indirect immunofluorescence is shown in Figure 2a. The uniform-sized, wavyappearing keratin filaments are evenly distributed throughout the cytop ...
A Few Axonal Proteins Distinguish Ventral Spinal Cord Neurons
... system . The distinctive identity of individual classes of neurons has been well defined electrophysiologically, morphologically, and with respect to presumptive neurotransmitters, but less so with regard to their distinctive molecular composition . The probes for macromolecular differences between ...
... system . The distinctive identity of individual classes of neurons has been well defined electrophysiologically, morphologically, and with respect to presumptive neurotransmitters, but less so with regard to their distinctive molecular composition . The probes for macromolecular differences between ...
In This Issue - The Journal of Cell Biology
... observed, creating a structure with microtubules and has simultaneously a comma-shaped cross section rather provided evidence that it is not. Now, than a microtubule. Previously on page 1039, Hu et al. resolve this described tubulin structures are longstanding dilemma by demonstrating generally circ ...
... observed, creating a structure with microtubules and has simultaneously a comma-shaped cross section rather provided evidence that it is not. Now, than a microtubule. Previously on page 1039, Hu et al. resolve this described tubulin structures are longstanding dilemma by demonstrating generally circ ...
review cell division from a genetic perspective
... bination, mutation, or deletion, because each type of aberration produces a unique pattern of spots. Mutations at 13 loci, originally isolated for their effects upon meiosis, have been examined. Six of them produce mitotic chromosome instability, and at least three of these are also abnormally sensi ...
... bination, mutation, or deletion, because each type of aberration produces a unique pattern of spots. Mutations at 13 loci, originally isolated for their effects upon meiosis, have been examined. Six of them produce mitotic chromosome instability, and at least three of these are also abnormally sensi ...
PDF
... early blastocyst and then segregate to their final position lining the cavity by the late blastocyst. We have identified plateletderived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfrα) as an early-expressed protein that is also a marker of the later PrE lineage. By combining live imaging of embryos expressing ...
... early blastocyst and then segregate to their final position lining the cavity by the late blastocyst. We have identified plateletderived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfrα) as an early-expressed protein that is also a marker of the later PrE lineage. By combining live imaging of embryos expressing ...
Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential using
... depending on the cells energy needs. For example fast growing tumour cells have a much higher mitochondrial membrane potential than WT cells, and in turn quiescent or differentiated cells have a still lower membrane potential.2 The ability to accurately measure mitochondrial membrane potential can g ...
... depending on the cells energy needs. For example fast growing tumour cells have a much higher mitochondrial membrane potential than WT cells, and in turn quiescent or differentiated cells have a still lower membrane potential.2 The ability to accurately measure mitochondrial membrane potential can g ...
T Cell Interstitial Migration: Motility Cues from the Inflamed Tissue for
... interpret the cacophony of signals coming from their tissue locale into “go” signals during migration and “stop” signals for cell–cell interactions is yet to be fully understood (Figure 1). T cells must traverse their immediate tissue terrain (micro-positioning) as well as accumulate at specific foc ...
... interpret the cacophony of signals coming from their tissue locale into “go” signals during migration and “stop” signals for cell–cell interactions is yet to be fully understood (Figure 1). T cells must traverse their immediate tissue terrain (micro-positioning) as well as accumulate at specific foc ...
Developmentally Controlled Farnesylation
... AtNAP1;1 in Atnap1;1-1 and Atnap1;1-2 (Fig. 4B). This was consistent with quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR data that showed no accumulation of the different NAP1 mRNAs in the respective mutants (data not shown). The results also confirmed that the major protein detected by the antibody c ...
... AtNAP1;1 in Atnap1;1-1 and Atnap1;1-2 (Fig. 4B). This was consistent with quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR data that showed no accumulation of the different NAP1 mRNAs in the respective mutants (data not shown). The results also confirmed that the major protein detected by the antibody c ...
chapter07_section02_JKedit
... Smooth ER does not have ribosomes on its surface. Smooth ER contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, such as synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification of drugs. ...
... Smooth ER does not have ribosomes on its surface. Smooth ER contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, such as synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification of drugs. ...
The origins of multicellular organisms
... (Abedin and King 2010; Suga et al. 2012). One pathway to fungal multicellularity illustrated by dictyostelid slime molds (Bonner 2012) shares elements with the evolution of animal multicellularity. Upon starvation, a developmental cascade is instigated involving diverse cell‐to‐cell‐to‐substrate adh ...
... (Abedin and King 2010; Suga et al. 2012). One pathway to fungal multicellularity illustrated by dictyostelid slime molds (Bonner 2012) shares elements with the evolution of animal multicellularity. Upon starvation, a developmental cascade is instigated involving diverse cell‐to‐cell‐to‐substrate adh ...
Cell Wall
... The cell wall is the tough, flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection, in addition to acting as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to a ...
... The cell wall is the tough, flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection, in addition to acting as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to a ...
Cyclin Dependent Kinases and Cell Cycle Control
... The fission yeast was first developed as an experimental model for studying the cell cycle by Murdoch Mitchison in the 1950s (Mitchison, 1971). It is a cylindrically shaped cell, 12–15 µm length and 3–4 µm diameter, typically eukaryotic and yet with a genome of less than 5000 genes (Wood et al. 2002 ...
... The fission yeast was first developed as an experimental model for studying the cell cycle by Murdoch Mitchison in the 1950s (Mitchison, 1971). It is a cylindrically shaped cell, 12–15 µm length and 3–4 µm diameter, typically eukaryotic and yet with a genome of less than 5000 genes (Wood et al. 2002 ...
The tRNA methyltransferase Dnmt2 is required foraccurate
... (Schaefer & Lyko, 2010). However, the lack of consistent phenotypic abnormalities in Dnmt2-deficient laboratory models has been a major obstacle in defining the biological function of Dnmt2 enzymes. For example, Dnmt2 mutant mice, flies, and plants were reported to be viable and fertile under standa ...
... (Schaefer & Lyko, 2010). However, the lack of consistent phenotypic abnormalities in Dnmt2-deficient laboratory models has been a major obstacle in defining the biological function of Dnmt2 enzymes. For example, Dnmt2 mutant mice, flies, and plants were reported to be viable and fertile under standa ...
Molecular Characterization and Functional Expression of the Human
... ions and chemical mediators from cell to cell, these channels may play a major role in a wide variety of cellular processes, including embryogenesis, cellular differentiation and development, and electrotonic coupling (for review, see Bennett and Spray, 1985; Hertzberg and Johnson, 1988) In excitabl ...
... ions and chemical mediators from cell to cell, these channels may play a major role in a wide variety of cellular processes, including embryogenesis, cellular differentiation and development, and electrotonic coupling (for review, see Bennett and Spray, 1985; Hertzberg and Johnson, 1988) In excitabl ...
Induction of Sequence-Specific DNA
... the EpoR by Epo induces tyrosine phosphorylation of various cellular substrates, such as the EpoR itself:-9 the 85-kD regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,IoShc,” R&-1,” and an unidentified 97-kD protein.I3 Recent studies also showed that Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is associated with a mem ...
... the EpoR by Epo induces tyrosine phosphorylation of various cellular substrates, such as the EpoR itself:-9 the 85-kD regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,IoShc,” R&-1,” and an unidentified 97-kD protein.I3 Recent studies also showed that Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is associated with a mem ...
Chapter10 Pteridophyta
... Teaching style: teach 2 classes using multimedia .Observe and identify plants in the extracurricular practice. First, Pteridophyta's characteristic Pteridophyta is also called ferns, belong to vascular plants, still breed on spores. It’s a group which between bryophyte and spermatophyte. Characteris ...
... Teaching style: teach 2 classes using multimedia .Observe and identify plants in the extracurricular practice. First, Pteridophyta's characteristic Pteridophyta is also called ferns, belong to vascular plants, still breed on spores. It’s a group which between bryophyte and spermatophyte. Characteris ...
Embryonic Stem Cells: from Blastocyst to in vitro Differentiation
... of ES cells is that they remain pluripotent and maintain the ability, like ICM cells, to form chimeras. These two properties, maintaining normal karyotype and extensive contribution in chimeras, are both necessary for ES cells to form functional germ cells in chimeras (Sedivy and Joyner, 1992) and, ...
... of ES cells is that they remain pluripotent and maintain the ability, like ICM cells, to form chimeras. These two properties, maintaining normal karyotype and extensive contribution in chimeras, are both necessary for ES cells to form functional germ cells in chimeras (Sedivy and Joyner, 1992) and, ...
... of DC/LC by mv has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) [42, 43]. Viral infection of lung DC/LC has not been directly demonstrated, and the role of these cells in stimulating CD8• cytotoxic lymphocytes in the lung has not been defined. Migra ...
Targeted disruption of fibroblast growth factor receptor
... The process of cavitation likely occurs by massive cell death from the centre of the EBs, as demonstrated by the presence of cell debris (cd) stained with eosin. Higher magnification of such EBs (bordered areas and (F,G)) shows apically oriented vacuoles in visceral endoderm cells (ve), some endothe ...
... The process of cavitation likely occurs by massive cell death from the centre of the EBs, as demonstrated by the presence of cell debris (cd) stained with eosin. Higher magnification of such EBs (bordered areas and (F,G)) shows apically oriented vacuoles in visceral endoderm cells (ve), some endothe ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.