Physical Relativism as an Interpretation of Existence
... other factors [37]. If all of these properties were chosen at random, without any overall guiding influence or purpose, then the probability of achieving conditions amenable to life must be exceedingly small. Moreover, even on a theoretically habitable world, when we consider the probability of rand ...
... other factors [37]. If all of these properties were chosen at random, without any overall guiding influence or purpose, then the probability of achieving conditions amenable to life must be exceedingly small. Moreover, even on a theoretically habitable world, when we consider the probability of rand ...
Cross-bispectra and trispectra of the non
... Due to its expansion our universe had cooled down sufficiently to allow the formation of hydrogen atoms at a redshift of z 1089 (Spergel et al. 2003). Fluctuations in the gravitational potential imposed a shift in the decoupled photons which were emitted in the (re)combination process (the Sachs–W ...
... Due to its expansion our universe had cooled down sufficiently to allow the formation of hydrogen atoms at a redshift of z 1089 (Spergel et al. 2003). Fluctuations in the gravitational potential imposed a shift in the decoupled photons which were emitted in the (re)combination process (the Sachs–W ...
Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges
... surface. (For clouds at higher altitudes there is a complicated trade-off between cooling and warming.) The 2% change in low cloud during a solar cycle, as seen in figure 3, will vary the input of heat to the Earth’s surface by an average of about 1.2 W m–2, which is not trivial. It can be compared, ...
... surface. (For clouds at higher altitudes there is a complicated trade-off between cooling and warming.) The 2% change in low cloud during a solar cycle, as seen in figure 3, will vary the input of heat to the Earth’s surface by an average of about 1.2 W m–2, which is not trivial. It can be compared, ...
Ionization in atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and extrasolar planets IV
... have been tested against various atmospheric profiles and model assumptions (Mishev & Velinov 2008, 2010). Padovani et al. (2009) numerically solve the propagation integral from Cravens & Dalgarno (1978), and account for energy lost due to ionization and excitation. Umebayashi & Nakano (1981) solve ...
... have been tested against various atmospheric profiles and model assumptions (Mishev & Velinov 2008, 2010). Padovani et al. (2009) numerically solve the propagation integral from Cravens & Dalgarno (1978), and account for energy lost due to ionization and excitation. Umebayashi & Nakano (1981) solve ...
Information on Fiorella Terenzi`s astrophysical music
... all forms of data from natural resources (the topography of a particular geographic area, for instance, or the intensity and rhythmic pulse of a mountain stream), there was nothing to stop them from using these ones and zeros to create audible analyses as well. In some cases, the "composers" become ...
... all forms of data from natural resources (the topography of a particular geographic area, for instance, or the intensity and rhythmic pulse of a mountain stream), there was nothing to stop them from using these ones and zeros to create audible analyses as well. In some cases, the "composers" become ...
B 0
... continuous (Lorentz (LV)) or discrete (T & CPT (CPTV)) and/or induced decoherence of quantum matter Parametrization: Standard Model Extension (SME) and beyond… Selected Tests in particle physics: From Cosmic photons and ultra-high energy neutrinos experimental to low-energy antiprotons & antimatter ...
... continuous (Lorentz (LV)) or discrete (T & CPT (CPTV)) and/or induced decoherence of quantum matter Parametrization: Standard Model Extension (SME) and beyond… Selected Tests in particle physics: From Cosmic photons and ultra-high energy neutrinos experimental to low-energy antiprotons & antimatter ...
The Big Bang and Stellar Evolution
... together, a star maintains its gravity quite well, but there is no way for nature to produce one. Getting it together in the first place is the problem. Gas floating in a vacuum cannot form itself into stars. Once a star exists, it will absorb gas into it by gravitational attraction. But before the ...
... together, a star maintains its gravity quite well, but there is no way for nature to produce one. Getting it together in the first place is the problem. Gas floating in a vacuum cannot form itself into stars. Once a star exists, it will absorb gas into it by gravitational attraction. But before the ...
Early structure formation from cosmic string loops Abstract
... simulations, but fortunately this is not important for the purposes of the present paper. The non-scaling loops are highly relativistic, with the dominant part of their energy being kinetic energy. This energy redshifts with the expansion and has very little effect on the gravitational clustering. T ...
... simulations, but fortunately this is not important for the purposes of the present paper. The non-scaling loops are highly relativistic, with the dominant part of their energy being kinetic energy. This energy redshifts with the expansion and has very little effect on the gravitational clustering. T ...
FIRST LIGHT IN THE UNIVERSE
... • C = <HI2 > / <HI>2 simulations suggest C 30 ? • fesc (=1 implies no HI absorption) ? Leading to factors of 10 uncertainty! ...
... • C = <HI2 > / <HI>2 simulations suggest C 30 ? • fesc (=1 implies no HI absorption) ? Leading to factors of 10 uncertainty! ...
Hubble`s Law and the Expansion Rate of the Universe
... graph, although there may be one that is just off the top of the scale. 6. The Hubble constant is equal to the slope of the line through your points on the graph you just did. Draw a “best fit” line through your data to estimate the Hubble constant. Your line should go through the origin (0,0). You ...
... graph, although there may be one that is just off the top of the scale. 6. The Hubble constant is equal to the slope of the line through your points on the graph you just did. Draw a “best fit” line through your data to estimate the Hubble constant. Your line should go through the origin (0,0). You ...
Protogalaxies Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics eaa.iop.org S G Djorgovski
... protracted time scale, comparable with the Hubble time, with most of the stars already formed in the merging units and some formed in merger-induced starbursts. It is likely that there was a full spectrum of galaxy assembly scenarios or formation histories at work. The interplay of mass assembly and ...
... protracted time scale, comparable with the Hubble time, with most of the stars already formed in the merging units and some formed in merger-induced starbursts. It is likely that there was a full spectrum of galaxy assembly scenarios or formation histories at work. The interplay of mass assembly and ...
Protogalaxies
... protracted time scale, comparable with the Hubble time, with most of the stars already formed in the merging units and some formed in merger-induced starbursts. It is likely that there was a full spectrum of galaxy assembly scenarios or formation histories at work. The interplay of mass assembly and ...
... protracted time scale, comparable with the Hubble time, with most of the stars already formed in the merging units and some formed in merger-induced starbursts. It is likely that there was a full spectrum of galaxy assembly scenarios or formation histories at work. The interplay of mass assembly and ...
Intelligent Life in the Universe
... Uncertainties! Important - each term in the Drake equation (probably) gets more uncertain when proceeding from left to right. For lack of a better example we have adopted an Earth/human bias when estimating various terms. We do not know the uncertainties. ...
... Uncertainties! Important - each term in the Drake equation (probably) gets more uncertain when proceeding from left to right. For lack of a better example we have adopted an Earth/human bias when estimating various terms. We do not know the uncertainties. ...
SouthamptonTalkPitkin - LIGO dcc
... Displacement measured by 4km long detector ~5.6 × 10−19 m - about 1/10000th diameter of a proton, or measuring change in distance to α Centauri to ~1/10th diameter of a human hair! ...
... Displacement measured by 4km long detector ~5.6 × 10−19 m - about 1/10000th diameter of a proton, or measuring change in distance to α Centauri to ~1/10th diameter of a human hair! ...
EBL - UCSC Physics - University of California, Santa Cruz
... When we first tried doing this (Primack & MacMinn 1996, presented at Felix Aharonian’s first Heidelberg conference), both the stellar initial mass function (IMF) and the values of the cosmological parameters were quite uncertain. After 1998, the cosmological model was known to be ΛCDM although it wa ...
... When we first tried doing this (Primack & MacMinn 1996, presented at Felix Aharonian’s first Heidelberg conference), both the stellar initial mass function (IMF) and the values of the cosmological parameters were quite uncertain. After 1998, the cosmological model was known to be ΛCDM although it wa ...
T. Thompson, Jan 2007
... • Starbursts: what is the role of the secondary electron/positrons? • Backgrounds: neutrino (MeV to >TeV), -ray, FIR, & radio. • What is the energy density of cosmic rays in starburst galaxies? ...
... • Starbursts: what is the role of the secondary electron/positrons? • Backgrounds: neutrino (MeV to >TeV), -ray, FIR, & radio. • What is the energy density of cosmic rays in starburst galaxies? ...
Descending from on high: Lyman-series cascades and spin
... in which Lyman-series photons mix the hyperfine levels. Here we consider coupling through n > 2 Lyman photons. We first show that coupling (and heating) from scattering of Lyn photons is negligible, because they rapidly cascade to lower-energy photons. These cascades can result in either a Lyα photo ...
... in which Lyman-series photons mix the hyperfine levels. Here we consider coupling through n > 2 Lyman photons. We first show that coupling (and heating) from scattering of Lyn photons is negligible, because they rapidly cascade to lower-energy photons. These cascades can result in either a Lyα photo ...
Clusters of Galaxies
... Even More History" • X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies was not predicted and its discovery " was essentially serendipitous. " • The first detections of what we now know as cluster x-ray emission was from rocket flights in the 1960s (Friedman and Byram 1967, Bradt et al 1967) which discover ...
... Even More History" • X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies was not predicted and its discovery " was essentially serendipitous. " • The first detections of what we now know as cluster x-ray emission was from rocket flights in the 1960s (Friedman and Byram 1967, Bradt et al 1967) which discover ...
astro-ph/0210527 PDF
... into one corner of its container. It just takes, on average, an incredibly long time before that happens (much longer than the age of the universe). The stability of the equilibrium coarse-grained state is deeply linked with the large number of microscopic states that are associated with the equilib ...
... into one corner of its container. It just takes, on average, an incredibly long time before that happens (much longer than the age of the universe). The stability of the equilibrium coarse-grained state is deeply linked with the large number of microscopic states that are associated with the equilib ...
About the Infinite Repetition of Histories in Space - Philsci
... Paraphrasing Aristotle, we can say that nature abhors infinity.3 Along the history of physics, once and again situations have emerged where infinities seemed impossible to avoid. Most of them have been abandoned and new improved theories have avoided the infinite.4 Just now we have two basic theorie ...
... Paraphrasing Aristotle, we can say that nature abhors infinity.3 Along the history of physics, once and again situations have emerged where infinities seemed impossible to avoid. Most of them have been abandoned and new improved theories have avoided the infinite.4 Just now we have two basic theorie ...
Particle Evolution - Harvard University
... system naturally tends toward an equilibrium state of minimum microscopic probability—namely, a uniformity of temperature, pressure, chemical composition, and so on. And since ordered molecular states (for example, where molecules in one part of the system have one property value, but those in the r ...
... system naturally tends toward an equilibrium state of minimum microscopic probability—namely, a uniformity of temperature, pressure, chemical composition, and so on. And since ordered molecular states (for example, where molecules in one part of the system have one property value, but those in the r ...
Life, the Universe, and almost Everything: Signs of Cosmic Design?
... probabilistic laws (but with any probability?), and the causal explanation focusing on causeeffect-relations (which might be either deterministic or probabilistic). This scheme works pretty well. However, one can still ask: Why those laws (or theory, respectively), why those constants, and why those ...
... probabilistic laws (but with any probability?), and the causal explanation focusing on causeeffect-relations (which might be either deterministic or probabilistic). This scheme works pretty well. However, one can still ask: Why those laws (or theory, respectively), why those constants, and why those ...
Word - The Open University
... the interactions have in turn become distinct until the current situation is reached in which four different interactions are observed. The relationship between the mean energy of a particle and the temperature of the Universe, and the time at which such energies and temperatures applied, is shown i ...
... the interactions have in turn become distinct until the current situation is reached in which four different interactions are observed. The relationship between the mean energy of a particle and the temperature of the Universe, and the time at which such energies and temperatures applied, is shown i ...
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology. In older literature, the CMB is also variously known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) or ""relic radiation."" The CMB is a cosmic background radiation that is fundamental to observational cosmology because it is the oldest light in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. With a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the background) is completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background glow, almost exactly the same in all directions, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental discovery of CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize.The CMB is a snapshot of the oldest light in our Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380,000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today.The CMB is well explained as radiation left over from an early stage in the development of the universe, and its discovery is considered a landmark test of the Big Bang model of the universe. When the universe was young, before the formation of stars and planets, it was denser, much hotter, and filled with a uniform glow from a white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler. When the universe cooled enough, protons and electrons combined to form neutral atoms. These atoms could no longer absorb the thermal radiation, and so the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog. Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly afterwards when photons started to travel freely through space rather than constantly being scattered by electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling. The photons that existed at the time of photon decoupling have been propagating ever since, though growing fainter and less energetic, since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time (and wavelength is inversely proportional to energy according to Planck's relation). This is the source of the alternative term relic radiation. The surface of last scattering refers to the set of points in space at the right distance from us so that we are now receiving photons originally emitted from those points at the time of photon decoupling.Precise measurements of the CMB are critical to cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 7000272548000000000♠2.72548±0.00057 K. The spectral radiance dEν/dν peaks at 160.2 GHz, in the microwave range of frequencies. (Alternatively if spectral radiance is defined as dEλ/dλ then the peak wavelength is 1.063 mm.) The glow is very nearly uniform in all directions, but the tiny residual variations show a very specific pattern, the same as that expected of a fairly uniformly distributed hot gas that has expanded to the current size of the universe. In particular, the spectral radiance at different angles of observation in the sky contains small anisotropies, or irregularities, which vary with the size of the region examined. They have been measured in detail, and match what would be expected if small thermal variations, generated by quantum fluctuations of matter in a very tiny space, had expanded to the size of the observable universe we see today. This is a very active field of study, with scientists seeking both better data (for example, the Planck spacecraft) and better interpretations of the initial conditions of expansion. Although many different processes might produce the general form of a black body spectrum, no model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations. As a result, most cosmologists consider the Big Bang model of the universe to be the best explanation for the CMB.The high degree of uniformity throughout the observable universe and its faint but measured anisotropy lend strong support for the Big Bang model in general and the ΛCDM (""Lambda Cold Dark Matter"") model in particular. Moreover, the fluctuations are coherent on angular scales that are larger than the apparent cosmological horizon at recombination. Either such coherence is acausally fine-tuned, or cosmic inflation occurred.