Target or barrier? The cell wall of early- and later
... monolignol used as substrate presumably involved in the lignification process (Quiroga et al., 2001). This suggests that Cd pollution might have severe repercussions on the development of secondary cell walls, by reducing their rigidity and robustness. An increase in guaiacol peroxidase activity was ...
... monolignol used as substrate presumably involved in the lignification process (Quiroga et al., 2001). This suggests that Cd pollution might have severe repercussions on the development of secondary cell walls, by reducing their rigidity and robustness. An increase in guaiacol peroxidase activity was ...
A Genome-Wide Screen for Bacterial Envelope Biogenesis Mutants
... The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is a formidable barrier that is difficult for antimicrobial drugs to penetrate. Thus, the list of treatments effective against these organisms is small and with the rise of new resistance mechanisms is shrinking rapidly. New therapies to treat Gram-negativ ...
... The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is a formidable barrier that is difficult for antimicrobial drugs to penetrate. Thus, the list of treatments effective against these organisms is small and with the rise of new resistance mechanisms is shrinking rapidly. New therapies to treat Gram-negativ ...
A High-Resolution Transcript Profile across the
... Although all three cell types are able to undergo cell divisions, the mother cells will eventually loose their ability to divide and undergo terminal differentiation, whereas the initials retain their undifferentiated state. It is, however, almost impossible to distinguish the initials from mother c ...
... Although all three cell types are able to undergo cell divisions, the mother cells will eventually loose their ability to divide and undergo terminal differentiation, whereas the initials retain their undifferentiated state. It is, however, almost impossible to distinguish the initials from mother c ...
Mechanism of Inhibition of Cell Proliferation by
... tubulin and microtubules in vitro [reviewed in (1, 8), also see "Discussion"]. This may be due to the fact that the Vinca alkaloids are concentrated intracellularly (14, 15) and accumu late differentially in some cells (14). Alternatively, one or all of the Vinca alkaloids may act on targets other t ...
... tubulin and microtubules in vitro [reviewed in (1, 8), also see "Discussion"]. This may be due to the fact that the Vinca alkaloids are concentrated intracellularly (14, 15) and accumu late differentially in some cells (14). Alternatively, one or all of the Vinca alkaloids may act on targets other t ...
Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis
... TRAIL-R1 and DR5/TRAIL-R2), type I transmembrane proteins that contain death domains in their cytosolic tails. TRAIL binding results in receptor oligomerization (4) followed by recruitment of Fas-associated protein with death domain. This polypeptide in turn recruits procaspases-8 and -10 to the rec ...
... TRAIL-R1 and DR5/TRAIL-R2), type I transmembrane proteins that contain death domains in their cytosolic tails. TRAIL binding results in receptor oligomerization (4) followed by recruitment of Fas-associated protein with death domain. This polypeptide in turn recruits procaspases-8 and -10 to the rec ...
In vitro–expanded human CD4 CD25 T-regulatory
... They are generated both through central thymic developmental mechanisms in pathogen-free mice12 and also arise by poorly defined peripheral generation or expansion mechanisms.13-15 It has been demonstrated that after antigen-specific activation, Treg cells can nonspecifically suppress proliferation ...
... They are generated both through central thymic developmental mechanisms in pathogen-free mice12 and also arise by poorly defined peripheral generation or expansion mechanisms.13-15 It has been demonstrated that after antigen-specific activation, Treg cells can nonspecifically suppress proliferation ...
NuMA assembles into an extensive filamentous structure when
... addition to these proposed specific functions for NuMA within the cell nucleus, there have also been proposals that NuMA is only localized in the nucleus to sequester it away from the cytoplasmic microtubules during the interphase stages of mitosis (Compton et al., 1992). Indeed, we have recently pr ...
... addition to these proposed specific functions for NuMA within the cell nucleus, there have also been proposals that NuMA is only localized in the nucleus to sequester it away from the cytoplasmic microtubules during the interphase stages of mitosis (Compton et al., 1992). Indeed, we have recently pr ...
Cancer stem cells and addicted cancer cells
... mutations and ‘non-driver’ mutations [8]. For example, the APC gene is defined as a driver gene. However, only mutations that truncate the encoded protein within its N-terminal amino acids are considered driver mutations, because they confer selective growth advantage to the cell. Other non-driver m ...
... mutations and ‘non-driver’ mutations [8]. For example, the APC gene is defined as a driver gene. However, only mutations that truncate the encoded protein within its N-terminal amino acids are considered driver mutations, because they confer selective growth advantage to the cell. Other non-driver m ...
A molecular framework for the inhibition of
... changing environmental conditions. ABA and ethylene synthesis are induced by salt stress (Achard et al. 2006; Huang et al. 2008) and salt-induced inhibition of root elongation seems to depend on ABA- and ethylene-mediated reduction in gibberellin levels and stabilization of DELLA proteins, as sugges ...
... changing environmental conditions. ABA and ethylene synthesis are induced by salt stress (Achard et al. 2006; Huang et al. 2008) and salt-induced inhibition of root elongation seems to depend on ABA- and ethylene-mediated reduction in gibberellin levels and stabilization of DELLA proteins, as sugges ...
Expedited Publication Marks the Smooth Muscle Lineage
... SMC transcription. For example, a number of cytoskeletal and contractile genes have been used as markers for SMCs during development and disease"; however, many such markers, including extra-domain fibronectin variants,'2 meta-vinculin,'3 a-tropomyosin,'4 and heavy caldesmon,'15 represent alternativ ...
... SMC transcription. For example, a number of cytoskeletal and contractile genes have been used as markers for SMCs during development and disease"; however, many such markers, including extra-domain fibronectin variants,'2 meta-vinculin,'3 a-tropomyosin,'4 and heavy caldesmon,'15 represent alternativ ...
Embryonic Stem Cells: from Blastocyst to in vitro Differentiation
... et al., 2001). They propaged hES cells using Matrigel, an animal based extracellular matrix (ECM) preparation, or laminin substrates in medium conditioned by MEFs. This system enabled the long term propagation of the stem cell phenotype, with strong suppression of spontaneous differentiation even at ...
... et al., 2001). They propaged hES cells using Matrigel, an animal based extracellular matrix (ECM) preparation, or laminin substrates in medium conditioned by MEFs. This system enabled the long term propagation of the stem cell phenotype, with strong suppression of spontaneous differentiation even at ...
Organelle communication - Repositorio Académico
... Cellular organelles do not function as isolated or static units, but rather form dynamic contacts between one another that can be modulated according to cellular needs. The physical interfaces between organelles are important for Ca2+ and lipid homeostasis, and serve as platforms for the control of ...
... Cellular organelles do not function as isolated or static units, but rather form dynamic contacts between one another that can be modulated according to cellular needs. The physical interfaces between organelles are important for Ca2+ and lipid homeostasis, and serve as platforms for the control of ...
Evolution and Diversity of Plant Cell Walls: From Algae to Flowering
... Both the Archaeplastida and brown algae share two distinctive features: the presence of a complex, dynamic, carbohydrate-rich cell wall, which, to some extent, is dependent on the second feature, the ability to photosynthesize. Stebbins (125) suggested the “adaptive importance of cell wall different ...
... Both the Archaeplastida and brown algae share two distinctive features: the presence of a complex, dynamic, carbohydrate-rich cell wall, which, to some extent, is dependent on the second feature, the ability to photosynthesize. Stebbins (125) suggested the “adaptive importance of cell wall different ...
Motoneurons Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Develop
... Induced pluripotent cell-derived motoneurons (iPSCMNs) are sought for use in cell replacement therapies and treatment strategies for motoneuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, much remains unknown about the physiological properties of iPSCMNs and how they compare with ...
... Induced pluripotent cell-derived motoneurons (iPSCMNs) are sought for use in cell replacement therapies and treatment strategies for motoneuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, much remains unknown about the physiological properties of iPSCMNs and how they compare with ...
Interleukin-6 Gene Expression in Multiple Myeloma: A Characteristic
... cells (Fig IA). CD38 and CD45 profiles of two representative samples are presented in Figs I , B and C. The monocyte-enriched preparations contained greater than 96% monocytes by morphology and CD14 expression, with occasional lymphoid cells. Cytokine gene expression was studied by PCR. Figure 2 sho ...
... cells (Fig IA). CD38 and CD45 profiles of two representative samples are presented in Figs I , B and C. The monocyte-enriched preparations contained greater than 96% monocytes by morphology and CD14 expression, with occasional lymphoid cells. Cytokine gene expression was studied by PCR. Figure 2 sho ...
Actin Cytoskeleton in Plants: From Transport Networks to Signaling
... short F-actin oligomers are critical for events occurring at the plasma membrane, e.g., actin interventions into activities of ion channels and hormone carriers, signaling pathways based on phospholipids, and exo- and endocytotic processes. These unique F-actin arrays, constructed by polymerization- ...
... short F-actin oligomers are critical for events occurring at the plasma membrane, e.g., actin interventions into activities of ion channels and hormone carriers, signaling pathways based on phospholipids, and exo- and endocytotic processes. These unique F-actin arrays, constructed by polymerization- ...
The dendritic cell side of the immunological synapse
... when cSMAC formation was delayed by a reduced lateral mobility of antibodies against CD3 incorporated in bilayers (as surrogate APC), this resulted in less signaling within the T cell (55). DCs not only counteract the centripetal forces conferred by the T cell cytoskeleton, but also receive signals ...
... when cSMAC formation was delayed by a reduced lateral mobility of antibodies against CD3 incorporated in bilayers (as surrogate APC), this resulted in less signaling within the T cell (55). DCs not only counteract the centripetal forces conferred by the T cell cytoskeleton, but also receive signals ...
Gastrulation: Making and Shaping Germ Layers
... of cell fates along the embryonic axes. These processes occur very early during development when most embryos consist of a relatively small number of morphologically similar cells arranged in simple structures, such as cell balls or sheets, which can be flat or cup shaped. The term gastrulation, deri ...
... of cell fates along the embryonic axes. These processes occur very early during development when most embryos consist of a relatively small number of morphologically similar cells arranged in simple structures, such as cell balls or sheets, which can be flat or cup shaped. The term gastrulation, deri ...
Small Signaling Peptides in Arabidopsis Development
... five paralogous PSK genes have been identified, designated PSK1–5, that are expressed in various tissues (Matsubayashi et al., 1997, 2006). Likewise, TDIF was discovered during attempts to isolate xylogen, an arabinogalactan protein that mediates cell interaction in vascular development, from Zinnia e ...
... five paralogous PSK genes have been identified, designated PSK1–5, that are expressed in various tissues (Matsubayashi et al., 1997, 2006). Likewise, TDIF was discovered during attempts to isolate xylogen, an arabinogalactan protein that mediates cell interaction in vascular development, from Zinnia e ...
Compartmentalisation of Rho regulators directs cell
... INTRODUCTION Small GTPases of the Rho subfamily work as regulatory switches and play essential roles in Actin cytoskeleton organisation, cell:cell adhesion, cell:substrate adhesion, cell polarity, cytokinesis, cell cycle progression and cell migration. The Rho subfamily of genes is highly conserved ...
... INTRODUCTION Small GTPases of the Rho subfamily work as regulatory switches and play essential roles in Actin cytoskeleton organisation, cell:cell adhesion, cell:substrate adhesion, cell polarity, cytokinesis, cell cycle progression and cell migration. The Rho subfamily of genes is highly conserved ...
PDGF signalling controls the migration of mesoderm cells during
... migration of mesoderm cells away from the primitive streak The expression pattern of Pdgfrα in the mesoderm and the strong expression of Pdgfa in the ectoderm suggested that they might be the major signalling partners involved in the control of migration of mesoderm cells. We therefore investigated ...
... migration of mesoderm cells away from the primitive streak The expression pattern of Pdgfrα in the mesoderm and the strong expression of Pdgfa in the ectoderm suggested that they might be the major signalling partners involved in the control of migration of mesoderm cells. We therefore investigated ...
Evolution and Diversity of Plant Cell Walls: From Algae to Flowering
... Both the Archaeplastida and brown algae share two distinctive features: the presence of a complex, dynamic, carbohydrate-rich cell wall, which, to some extent, is dependent on the second feature, the ability to photosynthesize. Stebbins (125) suggested the “adaptive importance of cell wall different ...
... Both the Archaeplastida and brown algae share two distinctive features: the presence of a complex, dynamic, carbohydrate-rich cell wall, which, to some extent, is dependent on the second feature, the ability to photosynthesize. Stebbins (125) suggested the “adaptive importance of cell wall different ...
Cellular damage induced by cadmium and
... treatments were long enough to attain substantial metabolic changes. In such experiments, the effects caused by relatively long exposure to metal might reflect a general failure of the plant metabolism. Little is known about the early stages. Even though toxic metals can clearly induce oxidative str ...
... treatments were long enough to attain substantial metabolic changes. In such experiments, the effects caused by relatively long exposure to metal might reflect a general failure of the plant metabolism. Little is known about the early stages. Even though toxic metals can clearly induce oxidative str ...
Remapping by hippocampal place cells
... Taking a slightly different view, in their elegant discussion of spatial context, Nadel and Willner (1980) argue that context is paradoxical: it both “is made up of” and “contains” the same stimuli. In other words, a given stimulus could be either a discrete cue or part of the context, depending on ...
... Taking a slightly different view, in their elegant discussion of spatial context, Nadel and Willner (1980) argue that context is paradoxical: it both “is made up of” and “contains” the same stimuli. In other words, a given stimulus could be either a discrete cue or part of the context, depending on ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).