Systems of mating
... Random Mating in a Deme (either the tendency to preferentially mate with relatives or to preferentially avoid mating with relatives relative to random mating) ...
... Random Mating in a Deme (either the tendency to preferentially mate with relatives or to preferentially avoid mating with relatives relative to random mating) ...
Lecture Outline
... a. They used fruit flies that contained a genetic marker (specific alleles that cause a distinctive phenotype) for normal or forked leg bristles. b. Each starting population contained equal amounts of individuals with normal leg bristles and forked leg bristles. c. The only evolutionary process oper ...
... a. They used fruit flies that contained a genetic marker (specific alleles that cause a distinctive phenotype) for normal or forked leg bristles. b. Each starting population contained equal amounts of individuals with normal leg bristles and forked leg bristles. c. The only evolutionary process oper ...
Strategies of Reproduction - UNC
... In most animal species, the female’s greater investment in each offspring means that her maximal reproductive potential is lower than the male’s. Males therefore compete among themselves for fertilization opportunities. Investing little in each offspring, males are selected to sow their seed whereve ...
... In most animal species, the female’s greater investment in each offspring means that her maximal reproductive potential is lower than the male’s. Males therefore compete among themselves for fertilization opportunities. Investing little in each offspring, males are selected to sow their seed whereve ...
Practicing Punnett Squares 1. In garden peas, round seed coat (R
... 1. In garden peas, round seed coat (R) is dominant over wrinkled seed coat (r). What will the results be of a cross between a homozygous dominant male and a recessive female? Genotypes of the parents = _______x_______ List the Genotype %s of the offspring: List the Phenotype %s of the offspring: 2. ...
... 1. In garden peas, round seed coat (R) is dominant over wrinkled seed coat (r). What will the results be of a cross between a homozygous dominant male and a recessive female? Genotypes of the parents = _______x_______ List the Genotype %s of the offspring: List the Phenotype %s of the offspring: 2. ...
Slide 1 - Cloudfront.net
... when the gene is neutral; that is, is neither helpful nor deleterious. Eventually the entire population may become homozygous for the allele or — equally likely — the allele may disappear. Before either of these fates occurs, the allele represents a polymorphism. Two examples of reduced polymorphism ...
... when the gene is neutral; that is, is neither helpful nor deleterious. Eventually the entire population may become homozygous for the allele or — equally likely — the allele may disappear. Before either of these fates occurs, the allele represents a polymorphism. Two examples of reduced polymorphism ...
1) Genetic Drift Genetic Drift - population with stable size ~ 10
... usually because it confers a selective advantage not because mutation is continually generating it. • Mutations at a particular locus Î rare. However, impact of mutation at all genes is significant - Each individual: 1000’s of genes. • Mutation is the original source of genetic variation Î raw mater ...
... usually because it confers a selective advantage not because mutation is continually generating it. • Mutations at a particular locus Î rare. However, impact of mutation at all genes is significant - Each individual: 1000’s of genes. • Mutation is the original source of genetic variation Î raw mater ...
lecture12-BW
... forms of a trait may be more or less adaptive under prevailing conditions. When a form of a trait is adaptive under prevailing conditions, and when it has a heritable basis, its bearers tend to survive and reproduce more frequently than individuals with less adaptive forms of the trait. Over generat ...
... forms of a trait may be more or less adaptive under prevailing conditions. When a form of a trait is adaptive under prevailing conditions, and when it has a heritable basis, its bearers tend to survive and reproduce more frequently than individuals with less adaptive forms of the trait. Over generat ...
lecture 10 - conflict between sexes - Cal State LA
... The previous experiment looked at fly populations where mating occurred among large groups, and promiscuity was common - male exploitation of females quickly evolved when there there were opportunities for multiple sex partners New experiment: What happens when flies are forced to pair up and be mon ...
... The previous experiment looked at fly populations where mating occurred among large groups, and promiscuity was common - male exploitation of females quickly evolved when there there were opportunities for multiple sex partners New experiment: What happens when flies are forced to pair up and be mon ...
Genetics Notes
... Physical appearance (determined by the alleles) – phenotype An individual possesses two alleles for each trait The presence of an allele does not mean it will be ...
... Physical appearance (determined by the alleles) – phenotype An individual possesses two alleles for each trait The presence of an allele does not mean it will be ...
Exam 1 Practice problems
... 4.) A population has 832 homozygous dominants, 41 heterozygotes, and 55 homozygous recessive individuals. Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (note: to answer this question you must figure out p and q, and also make sure that 832:41:55 is the expected genotypic frequency using the equat ...
... 4.) A population has 832 homozygous dominants, 41 heterozygotes, and 55 homozygous recessive individuals. Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (note: to answer this question you must figure out p and q, and also make sure that 832:41:55 is the expected genotypic frequency using the equat ...
Standard 9: The Genetics of Life Study Guide PART 1: Basic
... Which type of cells carry the traits that get passed on to the offspring – somatic or gametes? ________________________ ...
... Which type of cells carry the traits that get passed on to the offspring – somatic or gametes? ________________________ ...
Sexual Selection and Reproductive Behaviour
... - some are better equipped to survive than others - advantage is passed to offspring Differential survival = Natural selection ...
... - some are better equipped to survive than others - advantage is passed to offspring Differential survival = Natural selection ...
4.3 Samson
... humans, inherit two X chromosomes, one X chromosome in each cell becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development. As a result, the cells of females and males have the same effective dose of genes with loci on the X chromosome. ...
... humans, inherit two X chromosomes, one X chromosome in each cell becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development. As a result, the cells of females and males have the same effective dose of genes with loci on the X chromosome. ...
DNA & RNA
... • Founder Effect: spike in gene change due to genetic drift after a small population inhabits a new region • Bottleneck effect: a small surviving group (near extinction) gives rise to a new population with a dramatically different gene pool ...
... • Founder Effect: spike in gene change due to genetic drift after a small population inhabits a new region • Bottleneck effect: a small surviving group (near extinction) gives rise to a new population with a dramatically different gene pool ...
File
... • Since an individual has two copies of each gene, a heterozygous individual carries the recessive gene without showing it. • This is referred to as a carrier. • Some human disorders are caused by recessive alleles (ex: cystic fibrosis). • Other disorders, such as Huntington’s disease, are caused by ...
... • Since an individual has two copies of each gene, a heterozygous individual carries the recessive gene without showing it. • This is referred to as a carrier. • Some human disorders are caused by recessive alleles (ex: cystic fibrosis). • Other disorders, such as Huntington’s disease, are caused by ...
Population Genetics
... 500 individuals in our population and let’s have 20 individuals with no freckles, 160 heterozygous with freckles, and 320 of the individuals with homozygous dominant for the trait. we can calculate the percentage of recessive and dominant alleles in the gene pool 500 individuals donate 1000 alleles ...
... 500 individuals in our population and let’s have 20 individuals with no freckles, 160 heterozygous with freckles, and 320 of the individuals with homozygous dominant for the trait. we can calculate the percentage of recessive and dominant alleles in the gene pool 500 individuals donate 1000 alleles ...
The Notostraca (Tadpole shrimps)
... • In androdioecious Eulimnadia and Triops sex has been shown to be determined by a recessive male allele / linkage group / chromosome with two types of hermaphrodites ‐ monogenics and amphigenics. ...
... • In androdioecious Eulimnadia and Triops sex has been shown to be determined by a recessive male allele / linkage group / chromosome with two types of hermaphrodites ‐ monogenics and amphigenics. ...
Exam 5 Review - Iowa State University
... 17. Individuals from two lizards species can mate but the offspring are sterile. This is an example of a A) pre-zygotic reproductive barrier B) anatomical incompatibility C) geographic isolation D) post-zygotic reproductive barrier E) behavioral isolation 18. Two alleles that both affect the phenoty ...
... 17. Individuals from two lizards species can mate but the offspring are sterile. This is an example of a A) pre-zygotic reproductive barrier B) anatomical incompatibility C) geographic isolation D) post-zygotic reproductive barrier E) behavioral isolation 18. Two alleles that both affect the phenoty ...
L111 Exam II, FRIDAY, October 14, Fall Semester of 2005
... c. Disruptive selection as a result of predation by wasps and birds. d. Directional selection for larger size as a result of bird predation on galls. e. All of the above. 19. Mutation is a very weak evolutionary force, while Natural Selection against a lethal recessive allele can be a very strong fo ...
... c. Disruptive selection as a result of predation by wasps and birds. d. Directional selection for larger size as a result of bird predation on galls. e. All of the above. 19. Mutation is a very weak evolutionary force, while Natural Selection against a lethal recessive allele can be a very strong fo ...
Quantitative Biology
... population in order to avoid genetic drift. Genetic Drift—unpredicted changes in allele frequencies due to chance. Usually occurs in small, isolated populations. 4. There must be no natural selection. 5. There must be no sexual selection. Mating must be random. ...
... population in order to avoid genetic drift. Genetic Drift—unpredicted changes in allele frequencies due to chance. Usually occurs in small, isolated populations. 4. There must be no natural selection. 5. There must be no sexual selection. Mating must be random. ...
Class Agenda Week of 8-13 Oct 2007
... Thursday Fur color in cats is controlled by an autosomal gene that can occur in the dominant form, (B) or the recessive form (b). The length of the cats’ fur is controlled by another autosomal gene which occurs in the dominant form (S), or the recessive form, (s). The table shows the traits for thes ...
... Thursday Fur color in cats is controlled by an autosomal gene that can occur in the dominant form, (B) or the recessive form (b). The length of the cats’ fur is controlled by another autosomal gene which occurs in the dominant form (S), or the recessive form, (s). The table shows the traits for thes ...
MHC Recognition MHC Recognition DuPont Essay Rough Draft
... relationships. The female partners that nest together share the allelic forms of MHC. Their genotypes, the genes, and haplotypes, a group of alleles of different genes that are closely placed together and therefore tend to be inherited together, affect the process What are alleles?. They play roles ...
... relationships. The female partners that nest together share the allelic forms of MHC. Their genotypes, the genes, and haplotypes, a group of alleles of different genes that are closely placed together and therefore tend to be inherited together, affect the process What are alleles?. They play roles ...
Population Genetics Exercise
... Females lay eggs which hatch after 24 h. The larvae grow for about 5 to 7 days and then encapsulate themselves in a puparium within which they undergo a 5 day-long metamorphosis and then emerge as an adult fly. The females first mate about 8 hours after emergence (note their wings are wet and shrive ...
... Females lay eggs which hatch after 24 h. The larvae grow for about 5 to 7 days and then encapsulate themselves in a puparium within which they undergo a 5 day-long metamorphosis and then emerge as an adult fly. The females first mate about 8 hours after emergence (note their wings are wet and shrive ...
Evolution Practice Questions
... 14. Why are zebras and horses considered to be members of two different species if they can interbreed and produce a zorse? In other words, why is the zorse considered to be a hybrid organism? The zorse offspring although possible, is not able to reproduce (the zorse is sterile). Because the zorse c ...
... 14. Why are zebras and horses considered to be members of two different species if they can interbreed and produce a zorse? In other words, why is the zorse considered to be a hybrid organism? The zorse offspring although possible, is not able to reproduce (the zorse is sterile). Because the zorse c ...
Chapter 15: Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Populations
... In some cases, outbreeding can be the real hazard. A study conducted by E. L. Brannon, an ecologist at the University of Idaho, looked at two separate populations of sockeye salmon, one breeding where a river entered a lake, the other where it exited. Salmon fry at the inlet evolved to swim downstre ...
... In some cases, outbreeding can be the real hazard. A study conducted by E. L. Brannon, an ecologist at the University of Idaho, looked at two separate populations of sockeye salmon, one breeding where a river entered a lake, the other where it exited. Salmon fry at the inlet evolved to swim downstre ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.