Animal Reproduction and Genetics
... • Ovary - the ovary is comparable to the male testicle and is the site of gamete production. – A bovine animal has 20,000 potential eggs per ovary, while a human female has 400,000 potential eggs per ovary. – Ova are fully developed at puberty and are not continuously produced as in the male. – All ...
... • Ovary - the ovary is comparable to the male testicle and is the site of gamete production. – A bovine animal has 20,000 potential eggs per ovary, while a human female has 400,000 potential eggs per ovary. – Ova are fully developed at puberty and are not continuously produced as in the male. – All ...
Evolution and Development
... • Behaviors and psychological phenomena have effects on the organism’s environment and thus have fitness • There are constraints on evolution of adaptations • Modularity: Different behaviors and Psychological phenomena can evolve relatively independently of each other – Different genes affect differ ...
... • Behaviors and psychological phenomena have effects on the organism’s environment and thus have fitness • There are constraints on evolution of adaptations • Modularity: Different behaviors and Psychological phenomena can evolve relatively independently of each other – Different genes affect differ ...
evolution concepts
... EEA: Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness. The original selection pressures which shaped the present adaptation. Inclusive fitness: W.D. Hamilton – fitness should include not just direct offspring but kin offspring as well; gene’s eye view of evolution Connection to sociobiology: EP – greater em ...
... EEA: Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness. The original selection pressures which shaped the present adaptation. Inclusive fitness: W.D. Hamilton – fitness should include not just direct offspring but kin offspring as well; gene’s eye view of evolution Connection to sociobiology: EP – greater em ...
Speciation cont.
... 3. Hybridise freely – merging to reform the original species. Can be an indication that the species are of recent origin with imperfectly evolved ...
... 3. Hybridise freely – merging to reform the original species. Can be an indication that the species are of recent origin with imperfectly evolved ...
Mendel and the Gene Idea
... 2 recessive alleles have defective or lack chloride transport channels Cause mucus build up in multiple organs, has pleiotropic effects Sickle cell anemia Most common among people of African descent Only homozygous recessive have full blown disease Heterozygous only when O2 exposure down ...
... 2 recessive alleles have defective or lack chloride transport channels Cause mucus build up in multiple organs, has pleiotropic effects Sickle cell anemia Most common among people of African descent Only homozygous recessive have full blown disease Heterozygous only when O2 exposure down ...
here
... • Phenotype: this is essentially “what you see.” The outcome of a melting pot of genetic and environmental factors • Evolution as change of gene frequencies • Natural selection operates through fitness differences between different phenotypes – Ultimately these are differences in reproductive succes ...
... • Phenotype: this is essentially “what you see.” The outcome of a melting pot of genetic and environmental factors • Evolution as change of gene frequencies • Natural selection operates through fitness differences between different phenotypes – Ultimately these are differences in reproductive succes ...
Genetics - Georgia Highlands College
... – Place gametes (haploid) of one parent along top, other along the left side – Combine all possible female gametes with all possible male gametes = fertilization – Boxes with 2 alleles = possible offspring (diploids) ...
... – Place gametes (haploid) of one parent along top, other along the left side – Combine all possible female gametes with all possible male gametes = fertilization – Boxes with 2 alleles = possible offspring (diploids) ...
Genetic Disorders as Models for Evolution
... h) ¼. The next generation should yield the same results unless the tt condition which causes Tay-Sachs provides some environmental disadvantage or some advantage. [1] i) Otherwise the parent would have the disorder. The phenotype is expressed as the homozygous genotype. [1] j) Both are caused by an ...
... h) ¼. The next generation should yield the same results unless the tt condition which causes Tay-Sachs provides some environmental disadvantage or some advantage. [1] i) Otherwise the parent would have the disorder. The phenotype is expressed as the homozygous genotype. [1] j) Both are caused by an ...
all in the genes - The Wild Trout Trust
... probability that one or both parents carry two copies of damaging recessive alleles dramatically increases. Consequently, the risk that offspring will inherit matching pairs of damaging recessive alleles from their parents is also heightened. This is called “inbreeding depression” by scientists and ...
... probability that one or both parents carry two copies of damaging recessive alleles dramatically increases. Consequently, the risk that offspring will inherit matching pairs of damaging recessive alleles from their parents is also heightened. This is called “inbreeding depression” by scientists and ...
Lecture#23 Page 1 BIOLOGY 207
... - A history of matings is shown in diagrammatic form. There is a conventional set of symbols. See Figure 2-16 Male Female Mating Generation Affected individuals Propositus (proband) Consanguineous marriage Patterns of inheritance in Pedigrees Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Characteristics 1) Trait ...
... - A history of matings is shown in diagrammatic form. There is a conventional set of symbols. See Figure 2-16 Male Female Mating Generation Affected individuals Propositus (proband) Consanguineous marriage Patterns of inheritance in Pedigrees Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Characteristics 1) Trait ...
EXAM 3-A
... c) putting forward the theory of gradualism. 6. Through ______________ individuals with certain phenotypes survive better or reproduce more than other individuals, hence the alleles associated with a favored phenotype increase in frequency in the population over time. a) Genetic drift b) Gene Flow c ...
... c) putting forward the theory of gradualism. 6. Through ______________ individuals with certain phenotypes survive better or reproduce more than other individuals, hence the alleles associated with a favored phenotype increase in frequency in the population over time. a) Genetic drift b) Gene Flow c ...
Fill-in Handout - Liberty Union High School District
... Law of Segregation: during ______________ formation (MEIOSIS) pairs of alleles _____________ and are randomly united during fertilization Offspring receives ____ allele from each parent Law of Independent Assortment: allele pairs separate _____________________of one another during gamete forma ...
... Law of Segregation: during ______________ formation (MEIOSIS) pairs of alleles _____________ and are randomly united during fertilization Offspring receives ____ allele from each parent Law of Independent Assortment: allele pairs separate _____________________of one another during gamete forma ...
Chapter 17: Population Genetics and Speciation Section 1: Genetic
... A. Particular combination of alleles in a population at any one point in time makes up a gene pool. B. Genetic variation and change are measured in terms of the frequency of alleles. ...
... A. Particular combination of alleles in a population at any one point in time makes up a gene pool. B. Genetic variation and change are measured in terms of the frequency of alleles. ...
Genetic Counseling and Breeding Management of
... Tens of thousands of genes interact to produce a single individual. All individuals inherit pairs of chromosomes; one from the dam, and one from the sire. On the chromosomes are genes; so all genes come in pairs. If both genes in a gene pair are the same gene (for instance, "aa" or "AA") the gene pa ...
... Tens of thousands of genes interact to produce a single individual. All individuals inherit pairs of chromosomes; one from the dam, and one from the sire. On the chromosomes are genes; so all genes come in pairs. If both genes in a gene pair are the same gene (for instance, "aa" or "AA") the gene pa ...
Chapter 20 slides
... The Founder effect – One or few individuals disperse and become founders of a new isolated population away from their place of origin. The Bottleneck effect – Organisms do not move from place to place and their population decreases due to various natural forces. ...
... The Founder effect – One or few individuals disperse and become founders of a new isolated population away from their place of origin. The Bottleneck effect – Organisms do not move from place to place and their population decreases due to various natural forces. ...
WORKSHEET PATTERNS OF HEREDITY
... For each statement below, write true if the sentence is correct. If the sentence is incorrect, rewrite the sentence to make it right. 6. Traits controlled by more than two genes are said to have multiple alleles. 7. Multiple alleles can be studied only in individuals. 8. In humans there are 23 pairs ...
... For each statement below, write true if the sentence is correct. If the sentence is incorrect, rewrite the sentence to make it right. 6. Traits controlled by more than two genes are said to have multiple alleles. 7. Multiple alleles can be studied only in individuals. 8. In humans there are 23 pairs ...
GeneticsStudyGuide
... In humans, hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a female who is a carrier for hemophilia marries a male with normal blood clotting, answer the following questions. ...
... In humans, hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a female who is a carrier for hemophilia marries a male with normal blood clotting, answer the following questions. ...
POPULATION GENETICS Terms 1.
... Differential contribution of offspring to the next generation due to differences in survivorship or fecundity (reproductive potential). a) b) ...
... Differential contribution of offspring to the next generation due to differences in survivorship or fecundity (reproductive potential). a) b) ...
Chapter 10
... 4. The phenotype of the homozygous dominant and the heterozygous is typically identical 5. Traits that are dominant in one species may be recessive in another E. A test cross can detect heterozygosity A test cross is a cross between an individual expressing the dominant phenotype, and a homozygous r ...
... 4. The phenotype of the homozygous dominant and the heterozygous is typically identical 5. Traits that are dominant in one species may be recessive in another E. A test cross can detect heterozygosity A test cross is a cross between an individual expressing the dominant phenotype, and a homozygous r ...
Evolution - NIU Department of Biological Sciences
... giraffes stretch their necks to reach leaves on tall tress, so their offspring have longer necks. ...
... giraffes stretch their necks to reach leaves on tall tress, so their offspring have longer necks. ...
What is the probability that an offspring will have black fur?
... law of segregation the two factors for each trait segregate or separate from each other during meiosis when gametes form law of independent assortment the factors for one trait separate independently of how factors for other traits separate allele each form of a gene with different information pheno ...
... law of segregation the two factors for each trait segregate or separate from each other during meiosis when gametes form law of independent assortment the factors for one trait separate independently of how factors for other traits separate allele each form of a gene with different information pheno ...
Mendelian Genetics
... Mutations • Definition = change in DNA sequence resulting the appearance of a new allele • Can occur at any time, but not always beneficial • Some can be harmful and result in death • Some can result in the organism having traits that make them better suited to the environment ...
... Mutations • Definition = change in DNA sequence resulting the appearance of a new allele • Can occur at any time, but not always beneficial • Some can be harmful and result in death • Some can result in the organism having traits that make them better suited to the environment ...
Document
... giraffes stretch their necks to reach leaves on tall tress, so their offspring have longer necks. ...
... giraffes stretch their necks to reach leaves on tall tress, so their offspring have longer necks. ...
September 21
... as a result of chromosome segregation. • In heterozygotes, alleles segregate equally into meiotic products. • Progeny ratios can be predicted from known genotypes of parents. • Parental genotypes can be inferred from phenotypes of progeny. • In many organisms, sex chromosomes determine sex. • X-link ...
... as a result of chromosome segregation. • In heterozygotes, alleles segregate equally into meiotic products. • Progeny ratios can be predicted from known genotypes of parents. • Parental genotypes can be inferred from phenotypes of progeny. • In many organisms, sex chromosomes determine sex. • X-link ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.