Mechanisms of Evolution: Microevolution
... Every diploid organism has two copies of every gene (one from mom, one from dad). Let’s consider a gene called A. It codes for an important enzyme, enzyme A. • A dominant allele (A) codes for normal, functional enzyme A. • A recessive allele (a) codes for non-functional enzyme. Genotypes and Phenoty ...
... Every diploid organism has two copies of every gene (one from mom, one from dad). Let’s consider a gene called A. It codes for an important enzyme, enzyme A. • A dominant allele (A) codes for normal, functional enzyme A. • A recessive allele (a) codes for non-functional enzyme. Genotypes and Phenoty ...
Patterns of Inheritance
... Sex-linked genes • X-linked recessive alleles • More common in males than females – Males only needs to inherit one sex-linked recessive allele from mom to be expressed – Females has to inherit two sex-linked recessive alleles for expression ...
... Sex-linked genes • X-linked recessive alleles • More common in males than females – Males only needs to inherit one sex-linked recessive allele from mom to be expressed – Females has to inherit two sex-linked recessive alleles for expression ...
Key for Exam 2 Part 2 - Evolutionary Biology
... Why are some mutations more deleterious than others? If we consider just point mutations, then a simple substitution of one nucleotide for another would normally just mean that a single amino acid might be changed; that might be a minor change or perhaps no change in enzyme structure and function. B ...
... Why are some mutations more deleterious than others? If we consider just point mutations, then a simple substitution of one nucleotide for another would normally just mean that a single amino acid might be changed; that might be a minor change or perhaps no change in enzyme structure and function. B ...
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics.notebook
... If you have two brown rabbits, can they have a white offspring? If you have two white rabbits, can they have a brown offspring? This leads us to our first topic... Genetics the study of heredity Gregor Mendel studied peas...why? produce sexually short life cycles large number of offspring fertilizat ...
... If you have two brown rabbits, can they have a white offspring? If you have two white rabbits, can they have a brown offspring? This leads us to our first topic... Genetics the study of heredity Gregor Mendel studied peas...why? produce sexually short life cycles large number of offspring fertilizat ...
Random Allelic Variation
... alone because they become fixed for different alleles or different combinations of alleles at unlinked loci The probability that an allele will ultimately become fixed is equal to its frequency in the population in any given generation Rate of fixation (or loss) is greater in small populations ...
... alone because they become fixed for different alleles or different combinations of alleles at unlinked loci The probability that an allele will ultimately become fixed is equal to its frequency in the population in any given generation Rate of fixation (or loss) is greater in small populations ...
Hardy- Weinberg practice problems The Hardy
... malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these "part ...
... malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these "part ...
Principles of Heredity
... Each sex cell (egg or sperm) of the parent organism (plant or animal) contains onehalf of the genetic material needed to create a new organism. ...
... Each sex cell (egg or sperm) of the parent organism (plant or animal) contains onehalf of the genetic material needed to create a new organism. ...
Running head: PATHOGEN PREVALENCE AND HUMAN MATE 1
... The results occur due to the fact that humans instinctively aim to reproduce. Hence, individuals in societies with parasites choose physically attractive mates due to the perception that they have good genes. Pathogens are capable of influencing reproduction as the individuals affected tend to devel ...
... The results occur due to the fact that humans instinctively aim to reproduce. Hence, individuals in societies with parasites choose physically attractive mates due to the perception that they have good genes. Pathogens are capable of influencing reproduction as the individuals affected tend to devel ...
(NBIA24, 91BI11, 91BI17, 92BI11, 92BI17 och TFBI11), 22/3
... 15. In Danish, Swedish and Finnish Red Cattle a 660 kb stretch of DNA has been lost compared to all other cattle breeds. Embryos homozygous for deletion never develops but heterozygous cows have a higher milk yield and are favoured among dairy breeders. Which of the following best describes how sel ...
... 15. In Danish, Swedish and Finnish Red Cattle a 660 kb stretch of DNA has been lost compared to all other cattle breeds. Embryos homozygous for deletion never develops but heterozygous cows have a higher milk yield and are favoured among dairy breeders. Which of the following best describes how sel ...
Blue eyes
... • A gamete is a single cell, one from each parent, that creates a new individual • Female gamete is known as an ovum or egg • Male gamete is known as a sperm • Each human gamete has 23 chromosomes • All other cells in your body have 46 chromosomes. • When the egg and sperm fuse, a new life is produc ...
... • A gamete is a single cell, one from each parent, that creates a new individual • Female gamete is known as an ovum or egg • Male gamete is known as a sperm • Each human gamete has 23 chromosomes • All other cells in your body have 46 chromosomes. • When the egg and sperm fuse, a new life is produc ...
Study Guide for the LS
... heredity: the passing of traits from parents to offspring offspring- the young (or baby) of two parents probability: the mathematical chance that an event will occur phenotype: an organism’s inherited physical appearance (blue eyes, tall, curly hair) genotype: the inherited combination of ...
... heredity: the passing of traits from parents to offspring offspring- the young (or baby) of two parents probability: the mathematical chance that an event will occur phenotype: an organism’s inherited physical appearance (blue eyes, tall, curly hair) genotype: the inherited combination of ...
Genetics - Louisiana Association of FFA
... Monorchid = only one testicle descends Cryptorchid = no testicles descend Short ears & tails ...
... Monorchid = only one testicle descends Cryptorchid = no testicles descend Short ears & tails ...
Ingen lysbildetittel
... fundamental theorem of natural selection, claiming that the theorem is valid also for age-structured populations provided that individuals are weighted by their reproductive value rather than using the individual numbers to define gene frequencies. This was based on the fact that the total reproduct ...
... fundamental theorem of natural selection, claiming that the theorem is valid also for age-structured populations provided that individuals are weighted by their reproductive value rather than using the individual numbers to define gene frequencies. This was based on the fact that the total reproduct ...
Ch 18 - Fort Bend ISD
... • Testosterone is also responsible for developing and maintaining other male traits such as deepening voice and body hair • In females, two female sex hormones, progesterone and estrogen are produced by the ovaries. • They are responsible for developing other female traits such as breast development ...
... • Testosterone is also responsible for developing and maintaining other male traits such as deepening voice and body hair • In females, two female sex hormones, progesterone and estrogen are produced by the ovaries. • They are responsible for developing other female traits such as breast development ...
SMALL POPULATIONS AND GENETIC DRIFT
... N Ne = 1+ f As you can see, if f = 0, Ne = N. However, in a selfing population, f will approach one and Ne will equal N/2. Isolation by distance (neighborhood size) In continuously distributed populations, individuals might be isolated from one another by distance and their dispersal abilities. Most ...
... N Ne = 1+ f As you can see, if f = 0, Ne = N. However, in a selfing population, f will approach one and Ne will equal N/2. Isolation by distance (neighborhood size) In continuously distributed populations, individuals might be isolated from one another by distance and their dispersal abilities. Most ...
Evolution and Natural Selection
... Environmental causes of variation Organisms can be affected by their environment. Variation caused by the environment is not heritable, so it is not subject to natural selection. However, the ability of organisms to develop differently in different environments can be genetic. This means organisms ...
... Environmental causes of variation Organisms can be affected by their environment. Variation caused by the environment is not heritable, so it is not subject to natural selection. However, the ability of organisms to develop differently in different environments can be genetic. This means organisms ...
The selfish gene
... not become limited. A mutant arises producing 5 offspring. It will leave more genes to the next generation and all of its offspring will do the same (produce 5 offspring). After some time, all birds on the island will be descendants of this mutant until a mutant arises which produces even more offsp ...
... not become limited. A mutant arises producing 5 offspring. It will leave more genes to the next generation and all of its offspring will do the same (produce 5 offspring). After some time, all birds on the island will be descendants of this mutant until a mutant arises which produces even more offsp ...
Natural Selection with Drosophila Introduction: Genetic variation
... parental cross. Today, these laws are used to explain heredity (what traits are passed from one generation to the next) and variation (the differences between parents and their offspring). Through his experiments, Mendel discovered that many genes occur in multiple forms. These alternate forms, call ...
... parental cross. Today, these laws are used to explain heredity (what traits are passed from one generation to the next) and variation (the differences between parents and their offspring). Through his experiments, Mendel discovered that many genes occur in multiple forms. These alternate forms, call ...
The Effects of Selective History and Environmental
... results from a mismatch between selective history and the test environment. Alleles that are strongly selected in the standard environment will be very rare because of past selection, regardless of their effects in the novel environment. In contrast, alleles that are strongly selected in the novel e ...
... results from a mismatch between selective history and the test environment. Alleles that are strongly selected in the standard environment will be very rare because of past selection, regardless of their effects in the novel environment. In contrast, alleles that are strongly selected in the novel e ...
Lect 1 (Autosomal Inheritance) Lect 2 (Sex
... X-linked dominant: much rarer w/ both sexes affected (females more so than males). Females are less severely affected than males due to X inactivation w/ affected males transmitting to daughters but not to sons. Meiosis: explains Mendelian Inheritance cellularly. 2 alleles for a gene carried on 2 di ...
... X-linked dominant: much rarer w/ both sexes affected (females more so than males). Females are less severely affected than males due to X inactivation w/ affected males transmitting to daughters but not to sons. Meiosis: explains Mendelian Inheritance cellularly. 2 alleles for a gene carried on 2 di ...
slides - Dorman external link
... randomly selecting two individuals from the previous generation to be its parents. In fact, this model is equivalent to the haploid model in the sense that each offspring can be thought of as randomly selecting two alleles from the preceding generation. As before, the probability that these two alle ...
... randomly selecting two individuals from the previous generation to be its parents. In fact, this model is equivalent to the haploid model in the sense that each offspring can be thought of as randomly selecting two alleles from the preceding generation. As before, the probability that these two alle ...
Unit 6 Genetics - centralmountainbiology
... Co-dominance – heterozygotes express both the dominant and recessive phenotypes, rather than a blend. -expresses both traits. Ex. Roan cattle ...
... Co-dominance – heterozygotes express both the dominant and recessive phenotypes, rather than a blend. -expresses both traits. Ex. Roan cattle ...
Beef Cattle Terminology - Canadian Hereford Association
... Carrier - A heterozygous individual having one recessive gene and one dominant gene for a given pair of genes (alleles). For example, an animal with one gene for polledness and one gene for horns will be polled but can produce a horned offspring when mated to another animal carrying the gene for hor ...
... Carrier - A heterozygous individual having one recessive gene and one dominant gene for a given pair of genes (alleles). For example, an animal with one gene for polledness and one gene for horns will be polled but can produce a horned offspring when mated to another animal carrying the gene for hor ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.