chapter 5: effect of the optical properties of the epidermis on laser
... density’ or fluence rate deeper in the skin. Consequently the loss in laser light intensity due to absorption depends on both the absorption coefficient and the path length through the medium (in this case the epidermis). As such the epidermal thickness is an important parameter. At present there is ...
... density’ or fluence rate deeper in the skin. Consequently the loss in laser light intensity due to absorption depends on both the absorption coefficient and the path length through the medium (in this case the epidermis). As such the epidermal thickness is an important parameter. At present there is ...
Optical switches
... • small delay spread • 1% index difference between core and cladding amounts to 1-5 ns/km delay spread • easy to splice and to couple light into it • bit rate limited up to 100 Mbit/s for lengths up to 40 km • fiber span without amplification is limited • Single mode fiber • almost eliminates delay ...
... • small delay spread • 1% index difference between core and cladding amounts to 1-5 ns/km delay spread • easy to splice and to couple light into it • bit rate limited up to 100 Mbit/s for lengths up to 40 km • fiber span without amplification is limited • Single mode fiber • almost eliminates delay ...
4.1 Simulated Emission and Photon Amplification
... The principle of the LASER. (a) Atoms in the ground state are pumped up to the energy level E3 by incoming photons of energy hυ13 = E3 –E1 . (b) Atoms at E3 rapidly decay to the metastable state at energy level E2 by emitting photons or emitting lattice vibrations; hυ32 = E3 –E2 . (c) As the states ...
... The principle of the LASER. (a) Atoms in the ground state are pumped up to the energy level E3 by incoming photons of energy hυ13 = E3 –E1 . (b) Atoms at E3 rapidly decay to the metastable state at energy level E2 by emitting photons or emitting lattice vibrations; hυ32 = E3 –E2 . (c) As the states ...
Colours of opaque object - PRADEEP KSHETRAPAL PHYSICS
... A point object is placed mid-way between two plane mirrors distance 'a' apart. The plane mirror forms an infinite number of images due to multiple reflection. The distance between the nth order image formed in the two mirrors is (a) na ...
... A point object is placed mid-way between two plane mirrors distance 'a' apart. The plane mirror forms an infinite number of images due to multiple reflection. The distance between the nth order image formed in the two mirrors is (a) na ...
Get PDF - OSA Publishing
... of diagnostic and therapeutic applications of light in medicine. For example, scattering of light within tissue simultaneously makes possible and limits high-resolution imaging techniques such as reflectance-mode confocal microscopy [1] and optical coherence tomography (OCT) [2]. To better understan ...
... of diagnostic and therapeutic applications of light in medicine. For example, scattering of light within tissue simultaneously makes possible and limits high-resolution imaging techniques such as reflectance-mode confocal microscopy [1] and optical coherence tomography (OCT) [2]. To better understan ...
PDF
... are not present in order to make the array circularly symmetric so that the optical intensity is uniform along the azimuthal direction. The designed OAM phased array was fabricated in a 300-mm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process using 193-nm optical immersion lithography, where the device layer of 22 ...
... are not present in order to make the array circularly symmetric so that the optical intensity is uniform along the azimuthal direction. The designed OAM phased array was fabricated in a 300-mm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process using 193-nm optical immersion lithography, where the device layer of 22 ...
genius PHYSICS
... A point object is placed mid-way between two plane mirrors distance 'a' apart. The plane mirror forms an infinite number of images due to multiple reflection. The distance between the nth order image formed in the two mirrors is (a) na ...
... A point object is placed mid-way between two plane mirrors distance 'a' apart. The plane mirror forms an infinite number of images due to multiple reflection. The distance between the nth order image formed in the two mirrors is (a) na ...
Ocean wave slope from polarimetric imaging
... and is therefore sensitive to wave slope rather than wave height, and hence intrinsically better suited for resolving sea surface microstructure. This technique, known as specular surface stereo, determines the two-dimensional slope field of the ocean surface and requires the precise alignment of th ...
... and is therefore sensitive to wave slope rather than wave height, and hence intrinsically better suited for resolving sea surface microstructure. This technique, known as specular surface stereo, determines the two-dimensional slope field of the ocean surface and requires the precise alignment of th ...
PHOTONIC CRYSTALS WITH ACTIVE ORGANIC MATERIALS by
... dipole moment. (c) Atomic potential plotted against the distance between electron and nuclei. .......................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 1-2 Hyper Rayleigh scattering. Second harmonic light is generated in an i ...
... dipole moment. (c) Atomic potential plotted against the distance between electron and nuclei. .......................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 1-2 Hyper Rayleigh scattering. Second harmonic light is generated in an i ...
\ 204 207 208 209 210 21g \ 221 /
... type of ampli?cation process in Which intense light causes deformation of a crystal lattice that generates ultrasonic Waves in the lattice. The Brillouin-scattered light experi ences gain and its poWer increases exponentially. If the poWer of the incident light exceeds a threshold value, a large por ...
... type of ampli?cation process in Which intense light causes deformation of a crystal lattice that generates ultrasonic Waves in the lattice. The Brillouin-scattered light experi ences gain and its poWer increases exponentially. If the poWer of the incident light exceeds a threshold value, a large por ...
Quasi Light Fields: Extending the Light Field to Coherent Radiation
... radiometry to coherent radiation in two different ways [7,15], and Wolf connected Walther’s work to quantum physics [16], ultimately leading to the discovery of many more generalized radiance functions [17] and a firm foundation for radiometry [12]. Meanwhile, machine vision researchers desired a re ...
... radiometry to coherent radiation in two different ways [7,15], and Wolf connected Walther’s work to quantum physics [16], ultimately leading to the discovery of many more generalized radiance functions [17] and a firm foundation for radiometry [12]. Meanwhile, machine vision researchers desired a re ...
Improvement of light quality by DBR structure in white LED
... curvature of the phosphors, the location of the phosphors, in order to characterize and further improve the color homogeneity of the white LEDs [14–16]. Besides the package, ZrO2 nanoparticles were also employed to improve the color uniformity for white LED. However, some of these methods could enh ...
... curvature of the phosphors, the location of the phosphors, in order to characterize and further improve the color homogeneity of the white LEDs [14–16]. Besides the package, ZrO2 nanoparticles were also employed to improve the color uniformity for white LED. However, some of these methods could enh ...
Highly efficient all-fiber tunable polarization filter
... polarization eigenmodes to the magnitude of the applied voltage. The coupling strength increased with the increase of applied voltage and then decreased after complete optical power transfer between two polarization modes because of an over-coupling between the two eigenmodes. The achieved maximum c ...
... polarization eigenmodes to the magnitude of the applied voltage. The coupling strength increased with the increase of applied voltage and then decreased after complete optical power transfer between two polarization modes because of an over-coupling between the two eigenmodes. The achieved maximum c ...
![High frequency characterization of the Gsanger LM0202P eletro-optic [i.e. electro-optic] modulator](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008539595_1-15b150bba37609ff7a759829ad2a5a86-300x300.png)
High frequency characterization of the Gsanger LM0202P eletro-optic [i.e. electro-optic] modulator
... between amplitude and frequency modulation) should occur ...
... between amplitude and frequency modulation) should occur ...
(a) n r from the center is an example of a
... possessing different amplitudes, as well as different frequencies. The phasor method can be used to help illustrate the formation of beats. ...
... possessing different amplitudes, as well as different frequencies. The phasor method can be used to help illustrate the formation of beats. ...
An Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Phantom for Particle Image
... shape is realistic since it can be observed in vivo. Gaussian geometry allows for controlling both width and length of the stenosis by changing parameters into the analytic equation. It also allowed for analytic comparison obtained from computer simulations to that of experimental PIV data. The sten ...
... shape is realistic since it can be observed in vivo. Gaussian geometry allows for controlling both width and length of the stenosis by changing parameters into the analytic equation. It also allowed for analytic comparison obtained from computer simulations to that of experimental PIV data. The sten ...
Telescopes and spectrographs
... Achieving high magnification with a telescope requires a long focal length fo, but limits on the maximum possible value of fo are set by the need to make the whole instrument movable. It is clear from Figure 3 that the physical length of a Keplerian refracting telescope cannot be less than fo. Hence ...
... Achieving high magnification with a telescope requires a long focal length fo, but limits on the maximum possible value of fo are set by the need to make the whole instrument movable. It is clear from Figure 3 that the physical length of a Keplerian refracting telescope cannot be less than fo. Hence ...
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN INTERFEROMETER SYSTEM FOR THE STUDY OF
... Thin films are produced when a material is deposited onto a substrate, with the film ranging in thickness from less than a nanometer up to a few micrometers. Thin films are utilized in a countless number of different ways. They are used in optical devices such as mirrors, anti-reflective coatings, o ...
... Thin films are produced when a material is deposited onto a substrate, with the film ranging in thickness from less than a nanometer up to a few micrometers. Thin films are utilized in a countless number of different ways. They are used in optical devices such as mirrors, anti-reflective coatings, o ...
Anti-reflective coating
An antireflective or anti-reflection (AR) coating is a type of optical coating applied to the surface of lenses and other optical elements to reduce reflection. In typical imaging systems, this improves the efficiency since less light is lost. In complex systems such as a telescope, the reduction in reflections also improves the contrast of the image by elimination of stray light. This is especially important in planetary astronomy. In other applications, the primary benefit is the elimination of the reflection itself, such as a coating on eyeglass lenses that makes the eyes of the wearer more visible to others, or a coating to reduce the glint from a covert viewer's binoculars or telescopic sight.Many coatings consist of transparent thin film structures with alternating layers of contrasting refractive index. Layer thicknesses are chosen to produce destructive interference in the beams reflected from the interfaces, and constructive interference in the corresponding transmitted beams. This makes the structure's performance change with wavelength and incident angle, so that color effects often appear at oblique angles. A wavelength range must be specified when designing or ordering such coatings, but good performance can often be achieved for a relatively wide range of frequencies: usually a choice of IR, visible, or UV is offered.