Chapter 17 Green chemistry
... The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance by 1°C. E = 250 g × 4.18 J g–1 C–1 × (100 – 18)C. = 85 690 J = 86 kJ (to 2 significant figures) i KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl–(aq); the KCl dissociates into ions ii C2H5OH(l) C2H5OH(aq); C2H5OH(l) dissolves by forming hydrogen bonds w ...
... The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance by 1°C. E = 250 g × 4.18 J g–1 C–1 × (100 – 18)C. = 85 690 J = 86 kJ (to 2 significant figures) i KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl–(aq); the KCl dissociates into ions ii C2H5OH(l) C2H5OH(aq); C2H5OH(l) dissolves by forming hydrogen bonds w ...
biogenic s, p, d-block elements, biological role, application in medicine
... Chemical properties of s-elements of IA and IIA-groups are similar. sBlock elements easily give their valences-electrons, which means that they are strong reducers. Stable ions with an external electronic shell of the previous inert gas are formed by losing their s-electrons. Radiuses of the ions in ...
... Chemical properties of s-elements of IA and IIA-groups are similar. sBlock elements easily give their valences-electrons, which means that they are strong reducers. Stable ions with an external electronic shell of the previous inert gas are formed by losing their s-electrons. Radiuses of the ions in ...
1994 AP Chemistry Multiple Choice
... 49. The isomerization of cyclopropane to propylene is a first–order process with a half–life of 19 minutes at 500_C. The time it takes for the partial pressure of cyclopropane to decrease from 1.0 atmosphere to 0.125 atmosphere at 500_C is closest to (A) 38 minutes (B) 57 minutes (C) 76 minutes (D) ...
... 49. The isomerization of cyclopropane to propylene is a first–order process with a half–life of 19 minutes at 500_C. The time it takes for the partial pressure of cyclopropane to decrease from 1.0 atmosphere to 0.125 atmosphere at 500_C is closest to (A) 38 minutes (B) 57 minutes (C) 76 minutes (D) ...
The representative Elements: Groups 1A – 4A
... paper, plastics, etc.; 2. the source for calcium metal and quicklime: Calcination: CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) ...
... paper, plastics, etc.; 2. the source for calcium metal and quicklime: Calcination: CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) ...
SOLUBILITY RULES FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER
... 22. Formic acid, HCO2H, is a weak acid. (a) Write the equation for the ionization of formic acid. (b) Write the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction. (c) If a 0.10 M formic acid solution has a pH of 2.39, what is formic acid’s acid ionization constant? (d) If a 0.25 M formic acid soluti ...
... 22. Formic acid, HCO2H, is a weak acid. (a) Write the equation for the ionization of formic acid. (b) Write the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction. (c) If a 0.10 M formic acid solution has a pH of 2.39, what is formic acid’s acid ionization constant? (d) If a 0.25 M formic acid soluti ...
3. d-Block elements. Biological role, application in medicine.
... Chemical properties of s-elements of IA and IIA-groups are similar. sBlock elements easily give their valences-electrons, which means that they are strong reducers. Stable ions with an external electronic shell of the previous inert gas are formed by losing their s-electrons. Radiuses of the ions in ...
... Chemical properties of s-elements of IA and IIA-groups are similar. sBlock elements easily give their valences-electrons, which means that they are strong reducers. Stable ions with an external electronic shell of the previous inert gas are formed by losing their s-electrons. Radiuses of the ions in ...
Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives
... Organic acids have been known for ages. Prehistoric people likely made acetic acid when their fermentation reactions went awry and produced vinegar instead of wine. The Sumerians (2900–1800 BCE) used vinegar as a condiment, a preservative, an antibiotic, and a detergent. Citric acid was discovered b ...
... Organic acids have been known for ages. Prehistoric people likely made acetic acid when their fermentation reactions went awry and produced vinegar instead of wine. The Sumerians (2900–1800 BCE) used vinegar as a condiment, a preservative, an antibiotic, and a detergent. Citric acid was discovered b ...
Chlorine
... chloride), and carnallite ( potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate ) . Over 2000 naturally-occurring organic chlorine compounds are known . Industrially, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. Along with chlorine, this chloralkali process ...
... chloride), and carnallite ( potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate ) . Over 2000 naturally-occurring organic chlorine compounds are known . Industrially, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. Along with chlorine, this chloralkali process ...
GROUP 13 ELEMENTS -THE BORON FAMILY -
... • Unlike the s-block elements, some of the elements of this group display lower valency state in addition to the group valency. The heavier elements in this group show an increased tendency to form univalent compounds, and univalent thallium compounds are the most stable. • This monovalency is due ...
... • Unlike the s-block elements, some of the elements of this group display lower valency state in addition to the group valency. The heavier elements in this group show an increased tendency to form univalent compounds, and univalent thallium compounds are the most stable. • This monovalency is due ...
Chem 150 Unit 2 - Hydrocarbons & Functional Groups
... Alcohols and Carboxylic acids also have a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen. This allows them to form hydrogen bonds with each other. Therefore, carboxylic acids have at least three different noncovalent interactions: ...
... Alcohols and Carboxylic acids also have a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen. This allows them to form hydrogen bonds with each other. Therefore, carboxylic acids have at least three different noncovalent interactions: ...
Chapter 12
... Because of this structural similarity, all alcohols share certain chemical characteristics. Chemists are therefore able to describe the properties of alcohols in general, which is simpler than describing each substance individually. After reading this section, you too will know how to recognize and ...
... Because of this structural similarity, all alcohols share certain chemical characteristics. Chemists are therefore able to describe the properties of alcohols in general, which is simpler than describing each substance individually. After reading this section, you too will know how to recognize and ...
Chemistry I
... "A chemical compound always contains exactly the same proporproportion of elements by mass". E. g. water: oxygen:hydrogen = 8:1 Law of multiple proportions (J. Dalton, 1803): "The proportions of mass of two elements in different compounds are rations of small whole numbers". E.g.: 100 g of carbon re ...
... "A chemical compound always contains exactly the same proporproportion of elements by mass". E. g. water: oxygen:hydrogen = 8:1 Law of multiple proportions (J. Dalton, 1803): "The proportions of mass of two elements in different compounds are rations of small whole numbers". E.g.: 100 g of carbon re ...
Step 2
... As opposed to covalent bonds, ionic bonds form strong forces of attraction between different ions due to their opposite ______, causing GIANT IONIC STRUCTURES to form (e.g sodium chloride) with ______ melting and boiling points: ...
... As opposed to covalent bonds, ionic bonds form strong forces of attraction between different ions due to their opposite ______, causing GIANT IONIC STRUCTURES to form (e.g sodium chloride) with ______ melting and boiling points: ...
CHEMISTRY SEC 06 SYLLABUS
... Preparation of hydrogen from action of dilute non-oxdising acids on certain metals, exemplified by dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid on magnesium, zinc or iron. Test for hydrogen. Combustion of hydrogen - its advantages and disadvantages as a fuel. Reducing action of hydrogen with met ...
... Preparation of hydrogen from action of dilute non-oxdising acids on certain metals, exemplified by dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid on magnesium, zinc or iron. Test for hydrogen. Combustion of hydrogen - its advantages and disadvantages as a fuel. Reducing action of hydrogen with met ...
AP Chemistry Summer Assignment
... These reactions are carried out in water. For the reaction to occur one or more of the products must leave the chemical reaction environment by forming: 1. a gas You must identify that a gas was formed as a product with a symbol in the reaction. 2. a molecular species > For g ...
... These reactions are carried out in water. For the reaction to occur one or more of the products must leave the chemical reaction environment by forming: 1. a gas You must identify that a gas was formed as a product with a symbol in the reaction. 2. a molecular species > For g ...
OCR Gateway Science
... When molten lead iodide is electrolysed using a current of 12 A for 50 minutes, approximately 39 g of lead is deposited. (a) What mass of lead is produced using a current of 12 A for 25 minutes? (b) What mass of lead is produced using a current of 3 A for 50 minutes? (c) What charge in coulombs is t ...
... When molten lead iodide is electrolysed using a current of 12 A for 50 minutes, approximately 39 g of lead is deposited. (a) What mass of lead is produced using a current of 12 A for 25 minutes? (b) What mass of lead is produced using a current of 3 A for 50 minutes? (c) What charge in coulombs is t ...
Acid
An acid (from the Latin acidus/acēre meaning sour) is a chemical substance whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. Aqueous solutions of acids have a pH of less than 7. Non-aqueous acids are usually formed when an anion (negative ion) reacts with one or more positively charged hydrogen cations. A lower pH means a higher acidity, and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic.There are three common definitions for acids: the Arrhenius definition, the Brønsted-Lowry definition, and the Lewis definition. The Arrhenius definition defines acids as substances which increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), or more accurately, hydronium ions (H3O+), when dissolved in water. The Brønsted-Lowry definition is an expansion: an acid is a substance which can act as a proton donor. By this definition, any compound which can easily be deprotonated can be considered an acid. Examples include alcohols and amines which contain O-H or N-H fragments. A Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. Examples of Lewis acids include all metal cations, and electron-deficient molecules such as boron trifluoride and aluminium trichloride.Common examples of acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and tartaric acid (a solid used in baking). As these examples show, acids can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from solids, liquids, or gases. Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid.