Coastal Lagoons and Climate Change
... Sea level, temperature, precipitation, and storminess are expected to change significantly with GCC and to impact coastal lagoons directly (Table 2). Indirect impacts such as ocean acidification are important, but there is great uncertainty regarding potential effects on coastal and marine ecosystem ...
... Sea level, temperature, precipitation, and storminess are expected to change significantly with GCC and to impact coastal lagoons directly (Table 2). Indirect impacts such as ocean acidification are important, but there is great uncertainty regarding potential effects on coastal and marine ecosystem ...
Asia Glacier Melt Project: Expert Summary of Science regarding
... values up to a maximum at 5,000 m to 6,000 m (Hewitt and Young 1993). This results in a gradual shift upwards in the altitude of the zone of maximum runoff from east to west. This highaltitude runoff would indicate that glaciers in the western Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges are ...
... values up to a maximum at 5,000 m to 6,000 m (Hewitt and Young 1993). This results in a gradual shift upwards in the altitude of the zone of maximum runoff from east to west. This highaltitude runoff would indicate that glaciers in the western Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges are ...
Hegemony – Dartmouth 2012
... Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases increased over the course of the 20th century due to human activities. The human-caused increases in these gases are the primary forcing that accounts for much of the global warming of the past fifty years, with carbon dioxide being ...
... Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases increased over the course of the 20th century due to human activities. The human-caused increases in these gases are the primary forcing that accounts for much of the global warming of the past fifty years, with carbon dioxide being ...
The social values at risk from sea-level rise
... 2002). Consequently, the following changes were made to the field of SIA: 1) social impacts were defined as consequences that affect “the ways in which people live, work, play, relate to one another, organize to meet their needs and generally cope as members of society” (ICGPSIA, 1994); and 2) list ...
... 2002). Consequently, the following changes were made to the field of SIA: 1) social impacts were defined as consequences that affect “the ways in which people live, work, play, relate to one another, organize to meet their needs and generally cope as members of society” (ICGPSIA, 1994); and 2) list ...
Water-Mass Transformations in a Neutral Density Framework and
... of internal sources/sinks of buoyancy that were not previously considered. There are, in fact, two main drawbacks in the current methods. The first is the use of surface-referenced potential density (e.g., Large and Nurser 2001; Marshall et al. 1999), which is clearly not suitable for the analysis o ...
... of internal sources/sinks of buoyancy that were not previously considered. There are, in fact, two main drawbacks in the current methods. The first is the use of surface-referenced potential density (e.g., Large and Nurser 2001; Marshall et al. 1999), which is clearly not suitable for the analysis o ...
Future of the Ocean and its Seas: a non
... greatly welcome the attention being given by G7 Ministers of Science to ‘the future of the seas and oceans’, arising from their meeting in Berlin, 8-9 October 2015. Such a focus is timely and fully appropriate: the G7 nations – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and USA – not only have direct ...
... greatly welcome the attention being given by G7 Ministers of Science to ‘the future of the seas and oceans’, arising from their meeting in Berlin, 8-9 October 2015. Such a focus is timely and fully appropriate: the G7 nations – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and USA – not only have direct ...
Climate change signals detected through mass balance
... In the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the cryosphere (glaciers and snow covers) provides up to 80% of the low land dry season flows of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river system through their vast irrigation network. Deglaciation is considered to be a world-wide problem; there is a particular ...
... In the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the cryosphere (glaciers and snow covers) provides up to 80% of the low land dry season flows of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river system through their vast irrigation network. Deglaciation is considered to be a world-wide problem; there is a particular ...
Bice, K. L., E. J. Barron, and W. H. Peterson,... Eocene paleobathymetry and ocean GCM sensitivity to specified basin
... treatment of bathymetry. For example, the effects of sediment deposition and compaction and depression of the oceanic crust through sediment loading were not taken into consideration. The reconstruction of paleobathymetry through back-stripping of sediments and the “rebound” of oceanic crust represe ...
... treatment of bathymetry. For example, the effects of sediment deposition and compaction and depression of the oceanic crust through sediment loading were not taken into consideration. The reconstruction of paleobathymetry through back-stripping of sediments and the “rebound” of oceanic crust represe ...
Future sea level
The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~3 mm/yr; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable. Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean. On Greenland, the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007. On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75%. Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about −1.8 to −4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about −12 to −14 m in the first decade of the 21st century. From 1961 to 2003, ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving. Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. (2008) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 (favouring the low end of this range). Rahmstorf (2007) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century. Pielke (2008) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far. These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century. However, sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account.