The Response of Precipitation Minus Evapotranspiration
... warming climate, following the Clausius–Clapeyron relation at roughly constant relative humidity [a similar mechanism was termed the direct moisture effect by Chou and Neelin (2004)]. The dynamical contribution to precipitation changes is also important locally (Xie et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2013; C ...
... warming climate, following the Clausius–Clapeyron relation at roughly constant relative humidity [a similar mechanism was termed the direct moisture effect by Chou and Neelin (2004)]. The dynamical contribution to precipitation changes is also important locally (Xie et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2013; C ...
Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean
... Terray9 analysed the CMIP5 model ensemble together with observed SST data to quantify the relative contributions of radiatively forced changes to the total decadal SST variability. Although in most models forced changes explain more than half of the variance in low latitudes, they explain less than ...
... Terray9 analysed the CMIP5 model ensemble together with observed SST data to quantify the relative contributions of radiatively forced changes to the total decadal SST variability. Although in most models forced changes explain more than half of the variance in low latitudes, they explain less than ...
Global Climate Projections
... Precipitation extremes increase more than does the mean in most tropical and mid- and high-latitude areas. Snow and Ice As the climate warms, snow cover and sea ice extent decrease; glaciers and ice caps lose mass owing to a dominance of summer melting over winter precipitation increases. This contr ...
... Precipitation extremes increase more than does the mean in most tropical and mid- and high-latitude areas. Snow and Ice As the climate warms, snow cover and sea ice extent decrease; glaciers and ice caps lose mass owing to a dominance of summer melting over winter precipitation increases. This contr ...
Military Expert Panel Report Sea Level Rise
... The United States military is the greatest globally-deployed military force in human history. That military force is present in 156 nations, and ready to advance U.S. interests, whether that be on a war-fighting or humanitarian mission. To do so, the U.S. military depends on essential services and i ...
... The United States military is the greatest globally-deployed military force in human history. That military force is present in 156 nations, and ready to advance U.S. interests, whether that be on a war-fighting or humanitarian mission. To do so, the U.S. military depends on essential services and i ...
Marine protected area network planning in the Western Arctic
... directly related to this type of habitat or this ecosystem. An eco-unit on the other hand uses many classification inputs (such as sea ice, bathymetry, etc.) to delineate an area representative of the dominant habitat inputs considered or combination of inputs specific to that area and scale. For in ...
... directly related to this type of habitat or this ecosystem. An eco-unit on the other hand uses many classification inputs (such as sea ice, bathymetry, etc.) to delineate an area representative of the dominant habitat inputs considered or combination of inputs specific to that area and scale. For in ...
GEOGRAPHY
... Zusha. Fifteen percent of the new forests are coniferous planted stands. The deciduous forests appear mainly in ravines (Fig. 7). The probable reason of forest regeneration is the reduction of agricultural land during the ...
... Zusha. Fifteen percent of the new forests are coniferous planted stands. The deciduous forests appear mainly in ravines (Fig. 7). The probable reason of forest regeneration is the reduction of agricultural land during the ...
Trends and abrupt changes in 104 years of ice cover and water
... cover can strongly affect water chemistry, individual organism physiology, population abundance, community structure, and food-web dynamics (King et al., 1997; Schindler et al., 1990). Air temperature (Findlay et al., 2001; Lynch et al., 2015), wind speed (Brown et al., 1993; Lynch et al., 2015), an ...
... cover can strongly affect water chemistry, individual organism physiology, population abundance, community structure, and food-web dynamics (King et al., 1997; Schindler et al., 1990). Air temperature (Findlay et al., 2001; Lynch et al., 2015), wind speed (Brown et al., 1993; Lynch et al., 2015), an ...
engineering challenges for coastal infrastructure/docks with regard
... As defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), climate change is: “major changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind patterns lasting for decades or longer” that may result from “natural factors, such as changes in the Sun’s energy or slow changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun ...
... As defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), climate change is: “major changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind patterns lasting for decades or longer” that may result from “natural factors, such as changes in the Sun’s energy or slow changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun ...
DS3F White Paper - Deep Sea Frontier
... research, including a better predictive capacity of the response of deep sea ecosystems to environmental change. Such an approach is becoming important as human influence on these remote environments is escalating through activities such as fishing, hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, mineral ...
... research, including a better predictive capacity of the response of deep sea ecosystems to environmental change. Such an approach is becoming important as human influence on these remote environments is escalating through activities such as fishing, hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, mineral ...
GDI 12 – Warming Core – Final
... "Our biggest surprise was that the new results agreed so closely with the warming values published previously," Muller said in a statement. "This confirms that these studies were done carefully and that potential biases identified by climate change skeptics did not seriously affect their conclusions ...
... "Our biggest surprise was that the new results agreed so closely with the warming values published previously," Muller said in a statement. "This confirms that these studies were done carefully and that potential biases identified by climate change skeptics did not seriously affect their conclusions ...
The Role of Stochastic Forcing on the Behavior of Thermohaline
... The nonlinear nature of the climate system suggests that its reactions to unexpected perturbations could be different from the expected ones. In nonlinear science it is recognized as a promising paradigm that stochastic fluctuations can generate order or other counterintuitive effects. Thus, noise s ...
... The nonlinear nature of the climate system suggests that its reactions to unexpected perturbations could be different from the expected ones. In nonlinear science it is recognized as a promising paradigm that stochastic fluctuations can generate order or other counterintuitive effects. Thus, noise s ...
Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic
... Terray9 analysed the CMIP5 model ensemble together with observed SST data to quantify the relative contributions of radiatively forced changes to the total decadal SST variability. Although in most models forced changes explain more than half of the variance in low latitudes, they explain less than ...
... Terray9 analysed the CMIP5 model ensemble together with observed SST data to quantify the relative contributions of radiatively forced changes to the total decadal SST variability. Although in most models forced changes explain more than half of the variance in low latitudes, they explain less than ...
NorthSouth asymmetry in the modeled phytoplankton community
... and Boer, 2001]. Higher evaporative latent heat loss over the oceans and a strong ice-albedo positive feedback in the Arctic further enhance the interhemispheric asymmetry [Wang and Overland, 2009]. Hutchinson et al. [2013] claim that part of the asymmetry is due to the thermal isolation of the Sout ...
... and Boer, 2001]. Higher evaporative latent heat loss over the oceans and a strong ice-albedo positive feedback in the Arctic further enhance the interhemispheric asymmetry [Wang and Overland, 2009]. Hutchinson et al. [2013] claim that part of the asymmetry is due to the thermal isolation of the Sout ...
UK`s role in Arctic sustainability pdf
... 8. The Arctic1 is home to a diversity of marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats, including vast expanses of lowland tundra, wetlands, mountains, extensive shallow ocean shelves, millennia-old ice shelves, pack ice and huge seabird coastal cliffs2 (see Appendix 1 for a map of Arctic habitats). 9 ...
... 8. The Arctic1 is home to a diversity of marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats, including vast expanses of lowland tundra, wetlands, mountains, extensive shallow ocean shelves, millennia-old ice shelves, pack ice and huge seabird coastal cliffs2 (see Appendix 1 for a map of Arctic habitats). 9 ...
Future sea level
The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~3 mm/yr; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable. Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean. On Greenland, the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007. On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75%. Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about −1.8 to −4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about −12 to −14 m in the first decade of the 21st century. From 1961 to 2003, ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving. Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. (2008) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 (favouring the low end of this range). Rahmstorf (2007) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century. Pielke (2008) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far. These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century. However, sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account.