World Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan Climate Change in the
... 1). Instrumental observations over the last 157 years also shows the year 2005 to be the hottest year on record and eleven out of the last twelve years (1995 to 2006) to be in the twelve hottest years on record (Trenberth. et al. 2007). Further the IPCC report states, that the temperature over the c ...
... 1). Instrumental observations over the last 157 years also shows the year 2005 to be the hottest year on record and eleven out of the last twelve years (1995 to 2006) to be in the twelve hottest years on record (Trenberth. et al. 2007). Further the IPCC report states, that the temperature over the c ...
Rate Processes and Fluxes of Marine Biogeochemical Cycles
... quality observations from space to capture change across temporal scales. Constraining the magnitude and uncertainties of ocean primary production, carbon stocks, export production and phytoplankton community composition will be essential for enhancing climate model skills and forecasting abilities, ...
... quality observations from space to capture change across temporal scales. Constraining the magnitude and uncertainties of ocean primary production, carbon stocks, export production and phytoplankton community composition will be essential for enhancing climate model skills and forecasting abilities, ...
What is causing rapid change in the Arctic at the moment?
... between the part of the atmosphere directly influenced by the Earth’s surface, clouds, overlying sea ice and water can lead to a number of feedback mechanisms. These interactions are not well understood due to variability and inaccurate parameterisation, brought about by a paucity of data, when used ...
... between the part of the atmosphere directly influenced by the Earth’s surface, clouds, overlying sea ice and water can lead to a number of feedback mechanisms. These interactions are not well understood due to variability and inaccurate parameterisation, brought about by a paucity of data, when used ...
MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change
... The MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change is an organization for research, independent policy analysis, and public education in global environmental change. It seeks to provide leadership in understanding scientific, economic, and ecological aspects of this difficult issue, a ...
... The MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change is an organization for research, independent policy analysis, and public education in global environmental change. It seeks to provide leadership in understanding scientific, economic, and ecological aspects of this difficult issue, a ...
Inuit and Scientific Perspectives on the Relationship Between Sea
... decades. Because sea ice plays a complex role in influencing ocean and atmospheric systems, considerable scientific attention has been focused on determining the potential feedback mechanisms (e.g. surface albedo, and thermohaline circulation) that may be triggered by climate/cryosphere interactions ...
... decades. Because sea ice plays a complex role in influencing ocean and atmospheric systems, considerable scientific attention has been focused on determining the potential feedback mechanisms (e.g. surface albedo, and thermohaline circulation) that may be triggered by climate/cryosphere interactions ...
Climate Extremes: Recent Trends with Implications for National Security
... Climate change has entered the mainstream as a potential threat to U.S. national security. The 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review, and the 2010 National Security Strategy all identify climate change as likely to trigger outcomes that will threaten U.S. security. These assessments have had to rely on pr ...
... Climate change has entered the mainstream as a potential threat to U.S. national security. The 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review, and the 2010 National Security Strategy all identify climate change as likely to trigger outcomes that will threaten U.S. security. These assessments have had to rely on pr ...
arctic climate feedbacks: global implications
... ■ The Arctic Ocean connections are changing. The Arctic Ocean is connected to the global ocean through the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Water flowing into the Arctic Ocean from both the Pacific and Atlantic has warmed over the past decade. Although there has been an increase in freshwater input ...
... ■ The Arctic Ocean connections are changing. The Arctic Ocean is connected to the global ocean through the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Water flowing into the Arctic Ocean from both the Pacific and Atlantic has warmed over the past decade. Although there has been an increase in freshwater input ...
CHAPTER 2 OUR CHANGING CLIMATE Climate Change Impacts in the United States
... our fundamental understanding of how certain gases trap heat, how the climate system responds to increases in these gases, and how other human and natural factors influence climate. The second line of evidence is from reconstructions of past climates using evidence such as tree rings, ice cores, and ...
... our fundamental understanding of how certain gases trap heat, how the climate system responds to increases in these gases, and how other human and natural factors influence climate. The second line of evidence is from reconstructions of past climates using evidence such as tree rings, ice cores, and ...
A 1000 year history of atmospheric sulfate concentrations in
... M. E. Davis, and E. Mosley-Thompson (2007), A 1000 year history of atmospheric sulfate concentrations in southern Asia as recorded by a Himalayan ice core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01810, doi:10.1029/2006GL027456. ...
... M. E. Davis, and E. Mosley-Thompson (2007), A 1000 year history of atmospheric sulfate concentrations in southern Asia as recorded by a Himalayan ice core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01810, doi:10.1029/2006GL027456. ...
Future sea level
The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~3 mm/yr; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable. Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean. On Greenland, the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007. On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75%. Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about −1.8 to −4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about −12 to −14 m in the first decade of the 21st century. From 1961 to 2003, ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving. Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. (2008) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 (favouring the low end of this range). Rahmstorf (2007) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century. Pielke (2008) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far. These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century. However, sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account.