FasL gene knock-down therapy enhances the
... alignant glioma is the most common form of brain cancer in the central nervous system. Currently, the mean survival of patients affected by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; the most aggressive form of malignant glioma) after conventional therapy consisting of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy ...
... alignant glioma is the most common form of brain cancer in the central nervous system. Currently, the mean survival of patients affected by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; the most aggressive form of malignant glioma) after conventional therapy consisting of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy ...
The cell walls of streptococci
... The methods developed by Salton (1953)made possible the study of the cell-wall composition as a relatively simple procedure and recent work by others has suggested that cell-wall composition may be of use in classifying streptococci (Roberts & Stewart, 1961 ; Slade & Slamp, 1962). As part of a gener ...
... The methods developed by Salton (1953)made possible the study of the cell-wall composition as a relatively simple procedure and recent work by others has suggested that cell-wall composition may be of use in classifying streptococci (Roberts & Stewart, 1961 ; Slade & Slamp, 1962). As part of a gener ...
Actin-based motility of endosomes is linked to the polar tip growth of
... uptake, cellular defence responses, and the termination of signaling pathways through internalization and down-regulation of activated receptor-ligand complexes. More recent evidence reveals that endosomes are involved in signaling, transcytosis and synaptic cell-tocell communication (Sorkin and von ...
... uptake, cellular defence responses, and the termination of signaling pathways through internalization and down-regulation of activated receptor-ligand complexes. More recent evidence reveals that endosomes are involved in signaling, transcytosis and synaptic cell-tocell communication (Sorkin and von ...
The Role of the Arabidopsis ELD1 Gene in Cell
... processes: division, growth, and differentiation. Changes in cell division and cell growth processes or their control affect the growth and differentiation of the entire plant. Plants with altered cell division and growth often display abnormal morphology and alterations in organogenesis and interna ...
... processes: division, growth, and differentiation. Changes in cell division and cell growth processes or their control affect the growth and differentiation of the entire plant. Plants with altered cell division and growth often display abnormal morphology and alterations in organogenesis and interna ...
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... of constitutive autophagy appears to be a universal feature of nearly all eukaryotic cells. One important function of basal autophagy is to rid the cell of defective or superfluous organelles, and autophagy would appear to be the sole cellular process by which this occurs. Mitochondria accumulate ox ...
... of constitutive autophagy appears to be a universal feature of nearly all eukaryotic cells. One important function of basal autophagy is to rid the cell of defective or superfluous organelles, and autophagy would appear to be the sole cellular process by which this occurs. Mitochondria accumulate ox ...
Autophagy and pancreatitis
... reticulum (ER), the Golgi, the outer mitochondrial membrane, and the plasma membrane (38, 42, 78, 101). Autophagy was long thought to be nonselective, with the best-studied example being autophagy induced by nutrient deprivation. More recently, several cargo-specific autophagy pathways have been cha ...
... reticulum (ER), the Golgi, the outer mitochondrial membrane, and the plasma membrane (38, 42, 78, 101). Autophagy was long thought to be nonselective, with the best-studied example being autophagy induced by nutrient deprivation. More recently, several cargo-specific autophagy pathways have been cha ...
1. (a) cells if more than one box is ticked, award no mark 1 (b) tail 1
... ‘you would die’ is insufficient ...
... ‘you would die’ is insufficient ...
Regeneration in the aging peripheral nervous system The Harvard
... effects with advancing age. This conveniently explains why diseases such as Huntington's, which is the result of a mutation that manifests later in life, remain in the population. Experimentally consistent with these observations, flies that have been heavily inbred show dramatic increases in delete ...
... effects with advancing age. This conveniently explains why diseases such as Huntington's, which is the result of a mutation that manifests later in life, remain in the population. Experimentally consistent with these observations, flies that have been heavily inbred show dramatic increases in delete ...
the endocrine system
... INTRODUCTION TO THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND THE PITUITARYHYPOTHALAMIC AXIS ...
... INTRODUCTION TO THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND THE PITUITARYHYPOTHALAMIC AXIS ...
Tansley review - Professor Gero Steinberg
... motors play active roles in organizing a polar MT array. In exponentially growing cultures of yeast-like cells, c. 50% of the sporidia are in the G2 phase (McCann & Snetselaar, 1997; Garcia-Muse et al., 2004). At this stage, the cells are actively growing at one cell pole and contain three to six MT ...
... motors play active roles in organizing a polar MT array. In exponentially growing cultures of yeast-like cells, c. 50% of the sporidia are in the G2 phase (McCann & Snetselaar, 1997; Garcia-Muse et al., 2004). At this stage, the cells are actively growing at one cell pole and contain three to six MT ...
Monolignol glucosides as intermediate compounds in
... synthesis of coniferin and a slow turnover of this compound (Marcinowski and Grisebach 1977). The concentration of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) is highest at the beginning of May, before the most active lignifying season, June and July, and there ...
... synthesis of coniferin and a slow turnover of this compound (Marcinowski and Grisebach 1977). The concentration of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) is highest at the beginning of May, before the most active lignifying season, June and July, and there ...
Job Sharing in the Endomembrane System: Vacuolar
... INTRODUCTION The evolutionary success of higher plants is in large part due to their unique cell architecture. Their often large cell volumes are filled with a central vacuole containing mostly water and solutes that allow plants to maximize collection of solar energy and mineral nutrients by increas ...
... INTRODUCTION The evolutionary success of higher plants is in large part due to their unique cell architecture. Their often large cell volumes are filled with a central vacuole containing mostly water and solutes that allow plants to maximize collection of solar energy and mineral nutrients by increas ...
An analysis of the response to gut induction in the C. elegans embryo
... role of induction in a mutant where a second cell develops like EMS and produces a gut cell lineage. Possible mechanisms by which gut induction may generate cell diversity are discussed. ...
... role of induction in a mutant where a second cell develops like EMS and produces a gut cell lineage. Possible mechanisms by which gut induction may generate cell diversity are discussed. ...
Morphogenesis of complex plant cell shapes: the mechanical role of
... anisotropy of the cell wall. In both Lilium and Solanum, the angle of highest stability revealed by crack formation was significantly below 45°, an indication that in the mature part of the cell cellulose may not the main stress-bearing component against turgor pressure induced tensile stress in cir ...
... anisotropy of the cell wall. In both Lilium and Solanum, the angle of highest stability revealed by crack formation was significantly below 45°, an indication that in the mature part of the cell cellulose may not the main stress-bearing component against turgor pressure induced tensile stress in cir ...
From signal to form: aspects of the cytoskeleton
... Rhizobium bacteria, induce root hair growth which can be recorded microscopically in a root hair deformation assay developed for Vicia sativa L. Root hair deformation is a morphogenetic process involving swelling of the hair tip and subsequent new hair outgrowth from that swelling. This response to ...
... Rhizobium bacteria, induce root hair growth which can be recorded microscopically in a root hair deformation assay developed for Vicia sativa L. Root hair deformation is a morphogenetic process involving swelling of the hair tip and subsequent new hair outgrowth from that swelling. This response to ...
Functions of the Arabidopsis kinesin superfamily of microtubule
... The major plant microtubule arrays are shown in Figure 1. Each of these arrays reflects the unique cell biology of plants. During interphase, the microtubule cytoskeleton forms a highly dispersed and dynamic cortical array that defines the direction of cell elongation by influencing the deposition o ...
... The major plant microtubule arrays are shown in Figure 1. Each of these arrays reflects the unique cell biology of plants. During interphase, the microtubule cytoskeleton forms a highly dispersed and dynamic cortical array that defines the direction of cell elongation by influencing the deposition o ...
Hierarchies of plant stiffness
... Physiological and mechanical requirements, as well as the physical environment, are among the most important factors that contribute to shaping plant organs and anatomy during growth, and hence the stiffness of plants and their organs. It is essential to first recall the physical and chemical laws to ...
... Physiological and mechanical requirements, as well as the physical environment, are among the most important factors that contribute to shaping plant organs and anatomy during growth, and hence the stiffness of plants and their organs. It is essential to first recall the physical and chemical laws to ...
Adenomatous polyposis coli - Journal of Cell Science
... guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) Asef1. Most (~60%) cancer-linked APC mutations occur in a region referred to as the mutation cluster region (MCR; Fig. 1) and result in C-terminal truncation of the protein (Beroud and Soussi, 1996). Because these truncations cause loss of the domains require ...
... guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) Asef1. Most (~60%) cancer-linked APC mutations occur in a region referred to as the mutation cluster region (MCR; Fig. 1) and result in C-terminal truncation of the protein (Beroud and Soussi, 1996). Because these truncations cause loss of the domains require ...
Polar auxin transport and patterning
... Vein organization can be classified in several general patterns characteristic of a particular plant (Fig. 1A–D), suggesting that genetic input into the patterning system can be responsible for predictable gross changes in venation networks. However, close inspection reveals that there is considerab ...
... Vein organization can be classified in several general patterns characteristic of a particular plant (Fig. 1A–D), suggesting that genetic input into the patterning system can be responsible for predictable gross changes in venation networks. However, close inspection reveals that there is considerab ...
Actin-dependent vacuolar occupancy of the cell determines auxin
... Based on these data, we assumed that the effect of auxin on actin also may impact vacuolar shape, and subsequently we investigated whether the actin cytoskeleton is required for the auxininduced changes in vacuolar morphology. To do so, we induced high- and low-auxin conditions in the presence of ac ...
... Based on these data, we assumed that the effect of auxin on actin also may impact vacuolar shape, and subsequently we investigated whether the actin cytoskeleton is required for the auxininduced changes in vacuolar morphology. To do so, we induced high- and low-auxin conditions in the presence of ac ...
- RichardWheeler.net
... & Bates, 2003; Rogers, Chance, & Bates, 2002) (Figure 1(B)). The flagellum of promastigotes is long and motile, with a canonical 9 þ 2 axoneme structure and extraaxonemal PFR (Figure 7(C) and (D)). Like the T. brucei flagellum, it is used for motility and attachment in the insect vector. Ultrastruct ...
... & Bates, 2003; Rogers, Chance, & Bates, 2002) (Figure 1(B)). The flagellum of promastigotes is long and motile, with a canonical 9 þ 2 axoneme structure and extraaxonemal PFR (Figure 7(C) and (D)). Like the T. brucei flagellum, it is used for motility and attachment in the insect vector. Ultrastruct ...
Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
... of the phagophore assembly site (PAS). This is mediated by the UNC51‑like kinase (ULK) complex, which consists of ULK1 (or ULK2), autophagy-related protein 13 (ATG13), FAK family kinase interacting protein of 200 kDa (FIP200) and ATG101. Further nucleation requires the class III PI3K complex, which ...
... of the phagophore assembly site (PAS). This is mediated by the UNC51‑like kinase (ULK) complex, which consists of ULK1 (or ULK2), autophagy-related protein 13 (ATG13), FAK family kinase interacting protein of 200 kDa (FIP200) and ATG101. Further nucleation requires the class III PI3K complex, which ...
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... target them to the lysosomal pathway; the degradation of pathogens through the autophagy pathway is known as xenophagy [2]. However, most infectious pathogens have evolved strategies to escape autophagy or even to use some properties of this cellular mechanism to optimize their intracellular life cy ...
... target them to the lysosomal pathway; the degradation of pathogens through the autophagy pathway is known as xenophagy [2]. However, most infectious pathogens have evolved strategies to escape autophagy or even to use some properties of this cellular mechanism to optimize their intracellular life cy ...
Regulation of cdk2 Activity in Endothelial Cells That Are Inhibited
... Abstract—Endothelial cells (ECs) are quiescent in normal blood vessels but undergo rapid bursts of proliferation after vascular injury and during angiogenesis. Here we show that the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (cdk2), a key regulator of the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle, is expressed a ...
... Abstract—Endothelial cells (ECs) are quiescent in normal blood vessels but undergo rapid bursts of proliferation after vascular injury and during angiogenesis. Here we show that the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (cdk2), a key regulator of the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle, is expressed a ...
Lineage-specific stem cells, signals and asymmetries
... MyoD exhibits limited ability to induce differentiation in some proliferating cells but can potentiate differentiation in heterologous cells, presumably owing to the presence of interacting partners or more accessible chromatin. Precisely how MUTE regulates the transcription of its target genes rema ...
... MyoD exhibits limited ability to induce differentiation in some proliferating cells but can potentiate differentiation in heterologous cells, presumably owing to the presence of interacting partners or more accessible chromatin. Precisely how MUTE regulates the transcription of its target genes rema ...
Programmed cell death
Programmed cell-death (or PCD) is death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program. PCD is carried out in a regulated process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's life-cycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and metazoa (multicellular animals) tissue development.Apoptosis and autophagy are both forms of programmed cell death, but necrosis is a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury.Necrosis is the death of a cell caused by external factors such as trauma or infection and occurs in several different forms. Recently a form of programmed necrosis, called necroptosis, has been recognized as an alternate form of programmed cell death. It is hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses or mutations.