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An Empirical Test of the Validity of the Capital Asset Pricing Model
An Empirical Test of the Validity of the Capital Asset Pricing Model

... 1926-1966 using all the stocks listed on the NYSE. Based on monthly return data and an equally-weighted portfolio of all stocks traded on the NYSE as their proxy for the market portfolio, they find evidence in support of a significant positive linear relation between beta and expected return. Fama a ...
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Stock valuation

In financial markets, stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks. The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement – stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the expectation that undervalued stocks will, on the whole, rise in value, while overvalued stocks will, on the whole, fall.In the view of fundamental analysis, stock valuation based on fundamentals aims to give an estimate of the intrinsic value of a stock, based on predictions of the future cash flows and profitability of the business. Fundamental analysis may be replaced or augmented by market criteria – what the market will pay for the stock, without any necessary notion of intrinsic value. These can be combined as ""predictions of future cash flows/profits (fundamental)"", together with ""what will the market pay for these profits?"" These can be seen as ""supply and demand"" sides – what underlies the supply (of stock), and what drives the (market) demand for stock?In the view of others, such as John Maynard Keynes, stock valuation is not a prediction but a convention, which serves to facilitate investment and ensure that stocks are liquid, despite being underpinned by an illiquid business and its illiquid investments, such as factories.
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