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18.1 NOTES How are stars formed? Objective: Describe how stars
18.1 NOTES How are stars formed? Objective: Describe how stars

Integrative Studies 410 Our Place in the Universe
Integrative Studies 410 Our Place in the Universe

... Protostellar Evolution • increasing temperature at core slows contraction – Luminosity about 1000 times that of the sun – Duration ~ 1 million years – Temperature ~ 1 million K at core, 3,000 K at surface • Still too cool for nuclear fusion! ...
Life of a star - bahringcarthnoians
Life of a star - bahringcarthnoians

... enough to swallow the inner planets, up to Earth. But don’t panic, because this won’t happen for about 4.5 billion years. ...
Lecture (Powerpoint)
Lecture (Powerpoint)

... Collapse will usually happen in many places throughout the cloud at the same time This is why stars tend to be clustered Amount of stars depends on size of gas cloud producing stars ...
Number of planets - Associazione Astrofili "Crab Nebula"
Number of planets - Associazione Astrofili "Crab Nebula"

... in, dragging the lighter elements outward – mostly hydrogen and helium. As the temperature of proto-Sun rose high enough to ignite thermo-nuclear reactions, some bodies inside the disk began to grow by collision and ...
Stages of stars - University of Dayton
Stages of stars - University of Dayton

Three Media Reports by Carole Gallagher
Three Media Reports by Carole Gallagher

Santos: On the relation between stars and their planets
Santos: On the relation between stars and their planets

Planetary system formation in thermally evolving viscous
Planetary system formation in thermally evolving viscous

... The above planets have been discovered largely from radial-velocity and/or transit surveys. Microlensing discoveries suggest the existence of both high- and low-mass planets orbiting at intermediate distance from their stars [5], whereas direct imaging surveys are beginning to uncover a population o ...
Dust processing in debris disks - Max-Planck
Dust processing in debris disks - Max-Planck

What is a Star?
What is a Star?

... dust and contracts under its own gravity. ...
Chapter 1
Chapter 1

Planets can alter each other`s climates over eons
Planets can alter each other`s climates over eons

... exoplanets is still at an early stage, our instruments are biased towards detecting planets that closely orbit their host stars. As a result, many of these multi-planet systems we know of look like scrunched-up versions of our solar system. These compact solar systems often have several planets whir ...
Protostellar/PMS Mass Infall Luminosity Problem
Protostellar/PMS Mass Infall Luminosity Problem

... The infall rate of the secondary grows by 2–3 orders of magnitude at the approximate time of the periastro, becoming comparable to the infall rate of the primary. ...
shirley - Yancy L. Shirley`s Webpage
shirley - Yancy L. Shirley`s Webpage

... What is the relative importance of spontaneous and stimulated processes in the formation of stars of various mass? What governs the SFR in a molecular cloud? What determined the IMF evolution from molecular cloud clumps to stars? Do stars form in a process of fragmentation of an overall collapse? Or ...
Lec9_2D
Lec9_2D

... The gravity at the surface of a red giant star is extremely weak. Any excess motion in the stellar atmosphere can cause the star to lose its mass into space. During this phase, stars can lose a lot of mass. ...
GY 112 Lecture Notes - University of South Alabama
GY 112 Lecture Notes - University of South Alabama

Stellar Evolution (Formation)
Stellar Evolution (Formation)

Lecture 3 - Minimum mass model of solar nebula
Lecture 3 - Minimum mass model of solar nebula

... Surface density of disk near Mercury is therefore: 1160x1026 / 1.82 x 1026 = 637 g cm-2 ...
The Galaxy Presentation 2011
The Galaxy Presentation 2011

01 - Ionia Public Schools
01 - Ionia Public Schools

... 11. What is important about the onset of fusion? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 12. What happens as gravity increases the pressure on the matter within a star? ___________________________________________ ...
Russell County Schools Non-Traditional Instructional Expectations
Russell County Schools Non-Traditional Instructional Expectations

... very dense plasma forms. If the initial star had mass of less than 1.4 solar masses (1.4 times the mass of our sun), the process ceases at the density of 1,000 tons per cubic inch, and the star becomes the white dwarf. However, if the star was originally more massive, the white dwarf plasma can’t re ...
Solar System Formation Reading
Solar System Formation Reading

... objects, protoplanets. Quite quickly (in less than 100 million years - that's short compared to the 4.5 billion year age of the solar system) the collision and coalescence leads to a few large objects that orbit in roughly circular orbits, with a fair amount of junk in between. At some point all of ...
Lecture 5/10 The interstellar medium and star formation Ulf
Lecture 5/10 The interstellar medium and star formation Ulf

Main Sequence Stars
Main Sequence Stars

... • Spheres of water have several properties: mass, volume, radius, surface area … • We can make a “Vogt-Russell” theorem for balls of water that says that all of the other properties of a ball of water are determined by just the mass and even write down equations, i.e. volume = mass/(density of water ...
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Nebular hypothesis

The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System. It suggests that the Solar System formed from nebulous material. The theory was developed by Immanuel Kant and published in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heaven. Originally applied to our own Solar System, this process of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the universe. The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) or simply solar nebular model. This nebular hypothesis offered explanations for a variety of properties of the Solar System, including the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets, and their motion in the same direction as the Sun's rotation. Some elements of the nebular hypothesis are echoed in modern theories of planetary formation, but most elements have been superseded.According to the nebular hypothesis, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC). These clouds are gravitationally unstable, and matter coalesces within them to smaller denser clumps, which then rotate, collapse, and form stars. Star formation is a complex process, which always produces a gaseous protoplanetary disk around the young star. This may give birth to planets in certain circumstances, which are not well known. Thus the formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A Sun-like star usually takes approximately 1 million years to form, with the protoplanetary disk evolving into a planetary system over the next 10-100 million years.The protoplanetary disk is an accretion disk that feeds the central star. Initially very hot, the disk later cools in what is known as the T tauri star stage; here, formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ice is possible. The grains eventually may coagulate into kilometer-sized planetesimals. If the disk is massive enough, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the rapid—100,000 to 300,000 years—formation of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos. Near the star, the planetary embryos go through a stage of violent mergers, producing a few terrestrial planets. The last stage takes approximately 100 million to a billion years.The formation of giant planets is a more complicated process. It is thought to occur beyond the so-called frost line, where planetary embryos mainly are made of various types of ice. As a result, they are several times more massive than in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk. What follows after the embryo formation is not completely clear. Some embryos appear to continue to grow and eventually reach 5–10 Earth masses—the threshold value, which is necessary to begin accretion of the hydrogen–helium gas from the disk. The accumulation of gas by the core is initially a slow process, which continues for several million years, but after the forming protoplanet reaches about 30 Earth masses (M⊕) it accelerates and proceeds in a runaway manner. Jupiter- and Saturn-like planets are thought to accumulate the bulk of their mass during only 10,000 years. The accretion stops when the gas is exhausted. The formed planets can migrate over long distances during or after their formation. Ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune are thought to be failed cores, which formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared.
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