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strange new Worlds - Scholars at Princeton
strange new Worlds - Scholars at Princeton

Stellar Evolution Notes
Stellar Evolution Notes

... A galaxy is a group of hundreds of billions of stars that are relatively close to each other. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, contains over 100 billion stars. The universe has more than 100 billion galaxies with each galaxy containing an average of 100 billion stars. ...
Stellar Evolution Notes
Stellar Evolution Notes

... A galaxy is a group of hundreds of billions of stars that are relatively close to each other. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, contains over 100 billion stars. The universe has more than 100 billion galaxies with each galaxy containing an average of 100 billion stars. ...
The accretion disk paradigm for young stars
The accretion disk paradigm for young stars

... Balmer lines of these objects, indicating infall velocity of up to 400 km/s. In these spectra the Balmer jump is clearly in emission, and the overall line spectra look very much like those of usual TTSs. Walker (1963) suggested that “the presence of the excess continuous emission may have some conne ...
Summary of the Presentation
Summary of the Presentation

... (assuming a constant production rate) eliminating 2/3 as being too young, the value of R was estimated to be ~85,000 suitable stars per billion cubic light years. Of the stars examined for planets, planets have been found around only ~12%. As the ability to detect small planets improves, a larger pe ...
Lecture 14 - Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy CASA
Lecture 14 - Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy CASA

... We now see a dozen or so every year in distant galaxies. ...
Field Star Distributions of the Hercules Thick Disk Cloud
Field Star Distributions of the Hercules Thick Disk Cloud

Helium Fusion What Will Happen When There Is No More Helium in
Helium Fusion What Will Happen When There Is No More Helium in

... stages of life in a low-mass star? A.  protostar, main-sequence star, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf B.  protostar, main-sequence star, red giant, supernova, neutron star C.  main-sequence star, white dwarf, red giant, planetary nebula, protostar D.  protostar, main-sequence star, planetar ...
Alien Earths Floorplan (3,000 sq. ft) Major Exhibit Areas
Alien Earths Floorplan (3,000 sq. ft) Major Exhibit Areas

Stellar Evolution 1 Star Formation 2 Nebulae
Stellar Evolution 1 Star Formation 2 Nebulae

... The lifetimes of stars are typically in the billions of years, although the more massive the star, the shorter the lifetime. The “birth” and “death” of a star take a relatively short time compared to the long middle part of the “life” of a star. In the long middle part, in which the star is relative ...
Chapter 13 Other Planetary Systems Why is it so difficult to detect
Chapter 13 Other Planetary Systems Why is it so difficult to detect

... massive planets can eject one planet while flinging the other into a highly elliptical orbit • Multiple close encounters with smaller planetesimals can also cause inward migration ...
Chapter 15 The Formation of Planetary Systems
Chapter 15 The Formation of Planetary Systems

... closer to star. Why didn’t our Jupiter migrate? Nearly all of these have been discovered using the radial velocity method. This method (and most other methods) miss planets far from their stars, so can’t tell how common systems like ours are. The detection of Earth-like planets is the “holy grail” o ...
Chapter 15 The Formation of Planetary Systems
Chapter 15 The Formation of Planetary Systems

... closer to star. Why didn’t our Jupiter migrate? Nearly all of these have been discovered using the radial velocity method. This method (and most other methods) miss planets far from their stars, so can’t tell how common systems like ours are. The detection of Earth-like planets is the “holy grail” o ...
Stellar evolution
Stellar evolution

... -Radius: about REarth . ...
PISGAH Text by Dr. Bob Hayward ASTRONOMICAL Astronomer
PISGAH Text by Dr. Bob Hayward ASTRONOMICAL Astronomer

... The planets: Four of the five classical or naked-eye planets are in the predawn skies as they have been since early December. But Mercury is now in the evening skies just for this week. Look for it low in the southwest as the sun sets. On January 14 this elusive planet passes through inferior conjun ...
Planetesimal collisions in binary systems
Planetesimal collisions in binary systems

Chapter 15
Chapter 15

... A number of Earthlike planets have now been observed, although due to detection difficulties most exoplanets still fall into the “hot Jupiter” category, making other planetary systems look quite different from our own. Until we are able to observe much smaller planets at much ...
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Vampy Astronomy Syllabus
Vampy Astronomy Syllabus

... related to both observational astronomy and physical astronomy. While some of you may have some astronomyrelated experience, the assumption is that each student is a tabula rasa when it comes to understanding the field. So, we will start at the ground level and work our way up. However, you should n ...
Lecture 7 Stars and Galaxies and Nebula, (Oh My!) Feb 18 2003
Lecture 7 Stars and Galaxies and Nebula, (Oh My!) Feb 18 2003

... Outer layers of gas are blown off from the core of a star. The core often goes on to become a white dwarf. The eject gas is illuminated by the remaining star. This is the fate of most stars, including our own Sun. ...
ASTR 330: The Solar System
ASTR 330: The Solar System

... Fact 9: Volatile compounds (such as water) have reached the inner planets even though the bulk composition of these objects suggests formation at temperatures too high for these volatiles to form solid grains. • This point hints at the problem of mixing, of material between the outer and inner solar ...
Planets beyond the solar system
Planets beyond the solar system

Effects of hot halo gas during distant galaxy-galaxy encounters
Effects of hot halo gas during distant galaxy-galaxy encounters

... • Four snapshots taken at t = 4, 5, 6, & 7 Gyr, projected onto the x-y plane ( -350 < x,y < 350, all z) • Top panels: dist. of the collisionless particles, bottom panels: dist. of the gas particles • ◊=CM of LTG, ○=CM of ETG, Color shows the origin of the particles, Green=‘young’ stars, Orange=‘old’ ...
1. Neutron stars 2. Black holes
1. Neutron stars 2. Black holes

18.1 NOTES How are stars formed? Objective: Describe how stars
18.1 NOTES How are stars formed? Objective: Describe how stars

< 1 ... 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 ... 158 >

Nebular hypothesis

The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System. It suggests that the Solar System formed from nebulous material. The theory was developed by Immanuel Kant and published in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heaven. Originally applied to our own Solar System, this process of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the universe. The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) or simply solar nebular model. This nebular hypothesis offered explanations for a variety of properties of the Solar System, including the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets, and their motion in the same direction as the Sun's rotation. Some elements of the nebular hypothesis are echoed in modern theories of planetary formation, but most elements have been superseded.According to the nebular hypothesis, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC). These clouds are gravitationally unstable, and matter coalesces within them to smaller denser clumps, which then rotate, collapse, and form stars. Star formation is a complex process, which always produces a gaseous protoplanetary disk around the young star. This may give birth to planets in certain circumstances, which are not well known. Thus the formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A Sun-like star usually takes approximately 1 million years to form, with the protoplanetary disk evolving into a planetary system over the next 10-100 million years.The protoplanetary disk is an accretion disk that feeds the central star. Initially very hot, the disk later cools in what is known as the T tauri star stage; here, formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ice is possible. The grains eventually may coagulate into kilometer-sized planetesimals. If the disk is massive enough, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the rapid—100,000 to 300,000 years—formation of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos. Near the star, the planetary embryos go through a stage of violent mergers, producing a few terrestrial planets. The last stage takes approximately 100 million to a billion years.The formation of giant planets is a more complicated process. It is thought to occur beyond the so-called frost line, where planetary embryos mainly are made of various types of ice. As a result, they are several times more massive than in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk. What follows after the embryo formation is not completely clear. Some embryos appear to continue to grow and eventually reach 5–10 Earth masses—the threshold value, which is necessary to begin accretion of the hydrogen–helium gas from the disk. The accumulation of gas by the core is initially a slow process, which continues for several million years, but after the forming protoplanet reaches about 30 Earth masses (M⊕) it accelerates and proceeds in a runaway manner. Jupiter- and Saturn-like planets are thought to accumulate the bulk of their mass during only 10,000 years. The accretion stops when the gas is exhausted. The formed planets can migrate over long distances during or after their formation. Ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune are thought to be failed cores, which formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared.
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