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How to Access Trade Finance: A guide for exporting SMEs
How to Access Trade Finance: A guide for exporting SMEs

... development of small firms, especially those with international markets. Millions of these enterprises, considered the backbone of an economy, have collapsed. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries have been hardest hit, with export markets cut by an average of 40%–50% and ...
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... (2010) (GLS thereafter) present the first step toward the development of such a framework for the Canadian banking system,1 by incorporating some contagion externalities present in the financial system: banks’ response in terms of asset sales, which impact other market participants through fair-valu ...
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... commencement of an underwritten public offering of 75,000,000 shares of its common stock (the “offering”), subject to market and other conditions. Southwestern Energy intends to grant the respective underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 11,250,000 additional shares of its common stock. The ...
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... All firms pay a credit-quality premium over the risk-free rate when they issue debt securities. These credit-quality premiums grow larger as the maturity of the debt increases. Thus, whereas a firm, call it firm A, might pay a creditrisk premium of 50 basis points over the risk-free rate on its shor ...
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... How income receipts are treated The securitisation trust collects income (e.g. interest and fees) from the underlying borrowers in the loan portfolio. On a regular basis (known as the payment period), these receipts are distributed by the trust in the following way: * Income receipts are first used ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF CORPORATE DEFAULT CRISES: Kay Giesecke
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Securitization

Securitization is the financial practice of pooling various types of contractual debt such as residential mortgages, commercial mortgages, auto loans or credit card debt obligations (or other non-debt assets which generate receivables) and selling their related cash flows to third party investors as securities, which may be described as bonds, pass-through securities, or collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Investors are repaid from the principal and interest cash flows collected from the underlying debt and redistributed through the capital structure of the new financing. Securities backed by mortgage receivables are called mortgage-backed securities (MBS), while those backed by other types of receivables are asset-backed securities (ABS).Critics have suggested that the complexity inherent in securitization can limit investors' ability to monitor risk, and that competitive securitization markets with multiple securitizers may be particularly prone to sharp declines in underwriting standards. Private, competitive mortgage securitization is believed to have played an important role in the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis.In addition, off-balance sheet treatment for securitizations coupled with guarantees from the issuer can hide the extent of leverage of the securitizing firm, thereby facilitating risky capital structures and leading to an under-pricing of credit risk. Off-balance sheet securitizations are believed to have played a large role in the high leverage level of U.S. financial institutions before the financial crisis, and the need for bailouts.The granularity of pools of securitized assets can mitigate the credit risk of individual borrowers. Unlike general corporate debt, the credit quality of securitized debt is non-stationary due to changes in volatility that are time- and structure-dependent. If the transaction is properly structured and the pool performs as expected, the credit risk of all tranches of structured debt improves; if improperly structured, the affected tranches may experience dramatic credit deterioration and loss.Securitization has evolved from its beginnings in the late 18th century to an estimated outstanding of $10.24 trillion in the United States and $2.25 trillion in Europe as of the 2nd quarter of 2008. In 2007, ABS issuance amounted to $3.455 trillion in the US and $652 billion in Europe. WBS (Whole Business Securitization) arrangements first appeared in the United Kingdom in the 1990s, and became common in various Commonwealth legal systems where senior creditors of an insolvent business effectively gain the right to control the company.
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