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Domestic Government Debt Structure, Risk Characteristics
Domestic Government Debt Structure, Risk Characteristics

... non-bank public. Thus even if the non-Central Bank subscriptions were zero, ‘mandatory take-up’ guarantees the government the full amount of any issues of treasury bills, treasury certificates or development stocks required to finance its budget. The CBN also provides a secondary market for governme ...
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... when jumps are included, the determination of an optimal portfolio has not been amenable to a closed-form solution, and this is a long-standing open problem in continuous-time finance. As a result, with n assets, one must solve numerically an n-dimensional nonlinear equation. This is difficult, if n ...
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... Peter Marrone, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Yamana commented: “At Yamana, we focus on both top-line and bottom-line growth as we strive to deliver value to shareholders, and with this acquisition we expect to deliver exceptional value to our shareholders. This acquisition provides value a ...
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... these permitted transactions fall into narrow categories and their requirements must be strictly adhered to in order for them to apply.32 For example, transactions in securities by any person other than an issuer, underwriter, or dealer do not require registration under Section 5 of the Securities A ...
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How to Access Trade Finance: A guide for exporting SMEs

... development of small firms, especially those with international markets. Millions of these enterprises, considered the backbone of an economy, have collapsed. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries have been hardest hit, with export markets cut by an average of 40%–50% and ...
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Securitization

Securitization is the financial practice of pooling various types of contractual debt such as residential mortgages, commercial mortgages, auto loans or credit card debt obligations (or other non-debt assets which generate receivables) and selling their related cash flows to third party investors as securities, which may be described as bonds, pass-through securities, or collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Investors are repaid from the principal and interest cash flows collected from the underlying debt and redistributed through the capital structure of the new financing. Securities backed by mortgage receivables are called mortgage-backed securities (MBS), while those backed by other types of receivables are asset-backed securities (ABS).Critics have suggested that the complexity inherent in securitization can limit investors' ability to monitor risk, and that competitive securitization markets with multiple securitizers may be particularly prone to sharp declines in underwriting standards. Private, competitive mortgage securitization is believed to have played an important role in the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis.In addition, off-balance sheet treatment for securitizations coupled with guarantees from the issuer can hide the extent of leverage of the securitizing firm, thereby facilitating risky capital structures and leading to an under-pricing of credit risk. Off-balance sheet securitizations are believed to have played a large role in the high leverage level of U.S. financial institutions before the financial crisis, and the need for bailouts.The granularity of pools of securitized assets can mitigate the credit risk of individual borrowers. Unlike general corporate debt, the credit quality of securitized debt is non-stationary due to changes in volatility that are time- and structure-dependent. If the transaction is properly structured and the pool performs as expected, the credit risk of all tranches of structured debt improves; if improperly structured, the affected tranches may experience dramatic credit deterioration and loss.Securitization has evolved from its beginnings in the late 18th century to an estimated outstanding of $10.24 trillion in the United States and $2.25 trillion in Europe as of the 2nd quarter of 2008. In 2007, ABS issuance amounted to $3.455 trillion in the US and $652 billion in Europe. WBS (Whole Business Securitization) arrangements first appeared in the United Kingdom in the 1990s, and became common in various Commonwealth legal systems where senior creditors of an insolvent business effectively gain the right to control the company.
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