The Visual System: From Eye to Cortex - U
... • The photopic system has low sensitivity with few receptors’ information combined at the next cell level (low convergence) • The scotopic system has high sensitivity with many receptors converging on ganglion cells (high convergence) • Only cones in the fovea; rods predominate in the periphery ...
... • The photopic system has low sensitivity with few receptors’ information combined at the next cell level (low convergence) • The scotopic system has high sensitivity with many receptors converging on ganglion cells (high convergence) • Only cones in the fovea; rods predominate in the periphery ...
Identification of Dopaminergic Neurons of Nigral and Ventral
... neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the A10 neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Previous studies have suggested that these two DA neuron types may differ in their growth characteristics, but, because of technical limitations, it has so far been difficult to identify the ...
... neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the A10 neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Previous studies have suggested that these two DA neuron types may differ in their growth characteristics, but, because of technical limitations, it has so far been difficult to identify the ...
Insights into decision making using choice probability
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
Chapter 3
... – excitatory in both CNS & PNS – released with other neurotransmitters (ACh & NE) • Gases (nitric oxide or NO) – formed from amino acid arginine by an enzyme – formed on demand and acts immediately • diffuses out of cell that produced it to affect neighboring cells • may play a role in memory & lear ...
... – excitatory in both CNS & PNS – released with other neurotransmitters (ACh & NE) • Gases (nitric oxide or NO) – formed from amino acid arginine by an enzyme – formed on demand and acts immediately • diffuses out of cell that produced it to affect neighboring cells • may play a role in memory & lear ...
neural models of head-direction cells
... world model, and the ability to localize oneself and recover from mistakes. The neurological basis of such abilities has been studied extensively, and modelling the brain’s methods for performing accurate navigation may also lead to the construction of an improved generation of mobile robots. Succes ...
... world model, and the ability to localize oneself and recover from mistakes. The neurological basis of such abilities has been studied extensively, and modelling the brain’s methods for performing accurate navigation may also lead to the construction of an improved generation of mobile robots. Succes ...
Cell assemblies in the cerebral cortex Günther Palm, Andreas
... long periods of time. They have opened up the possibility to relate the activity of neuronal populations to behaviour (for reviews see Kerr and Denk 2008; Wallace and Kerr 2010). Furthermore, in a recent study on the hippocampus Liu et al. (2012) were able to induce fear behaviour by optogenetic sti ...
... long periods of time. They have opened up the possibility to relate the activity of neuronal populations to behaviour (for reviews see Kerr and Denk 2008; Wallace and Kerr 2010). Furthermore, in a recent study on the hippocampus Liu et al. (2012) were able to induce fear behaviour by optogenetic sti ...
MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY
... Reflexes driving respiration can operate by: a) Primary activation of inspiratory neurons combined with reciprocal secondary inhibition of expiratory neurons. b) Primary inhibition d expiratory neurons which in time will lead to disinhibitioln of inspiratory neurons. c) General activation of reticul ...
... Reflexes driving respiration can operate by: a) Primary activation of inspiratory neurons combined with reciprocal secondary inhibition of expiratory neurons. b) Primary inhibition d expiratory neurons which in time will lead to disinhibitioln of inspiratory neurons. c) General activation of reticul ...
Fine tuning of vestibular apparatus in terrestrial snail at Earth and
... the storage of long-term memory. Although the expression of the early induction phase of LTP has been studied extensively (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993), the mechanism for synaptic enhancement and a possibility of its modification during the late phase of LTP when neurogenetical mechanisms play an e ...
... the storage of long-term memory. Although the expression of the early induction phase of LTP has been studied extensively (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993), the mechanism for synaptic enhancement and a possibility of its modification during the late phase of LTP when neurogenetical mechanisms play an e ...
From the Eye to the Brain: Development of the Drosophila
... M6 referred to as “distal medulla” that receives these external inputs (Fischbach & Dittrich, 1989; Morante & Desplan, 2008; Takemura, Lu, & Meinertzhagen, 2008). The “proximal medulla” (layers M7–M10) receives information from the distal medulla and further computes visual information. The medulla ...
... M6 referred to as “distal medulla” that receives these external inputs (Fischbach & Dittrich, 1989; Morante & Desplan, 2008; Takemura, Lu, & Meinertzhagen, 2008). The “proximal medulla” (layers M7–M10) receives information from the distal medulla and further computes visual information. The medulla ...
Nervous System Outline
... Used to integrate, send, and receive information Membrane potential changes are produced by: • Changes in membrane permeability to ions • Alterations of ion concentrations across the membrane Changes in Membrane Potential ...
... Used to integrate, send, and receive information Membrane potential changes are produced by: • Changes in membrane permeability to ions • Alterations of ion concentrations across the membrane Changes in Membrane Potential ...
central mechanisms underlying short-term and long
... whether there is a common set of "command neurons" within this region of the hypothalamus that trigger both the somatomotor and autonomic changes. It is well known that acute emotional or threatening stimuli can also elicit a marked cardiovascular response. For example, the classic "defence" or "ale ...
... whether there is a common set of "command neurons" within this region of the hypothalamus that trigger both the somatomotor and autonomic changes. It is well known that acute emotional or threatening stimuli can also elicit a marked cardiovascular response. For example, the classic "defence" or "ale ...
![[j26]Chapter 7#](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/009746692_1-cea296eaa3596328a1d6ed73629d44e9-300x300.png)
[j26]Chapter 7#
... ___ 63. ACh is transported into the postsynaptic cell cytoplasm, where it produces its effects. ___ 64. Neurotransmitters operating chemically regulated gates, do not directly result in action potentials, but rather initially produce EPSPs and IPSPs. ___ 65. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme ...
... ___ 63. ACh is transported into the postsynaptic cell cytoplasm, where it produces its effects. ___ 64. Neurotransmitters operating chemically regulated gates, do not directly result in action potentials, but rather initially produce EPSPs and IPSPs. ___ 65. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme ...
Solutions of the BCM learning rule in a network of lateral interacting
... assumed. A fixed-point method with linear stability analysis was used to analytically find the stable fixed points in two simple cases: (a) when the inputs are two linearly independent vectors, in the positive quadrant of two-dimensional space; (b) for N orthogonal vectors in the positive quadrant o ...
... assumed. A fixed-point method with linear stability analysis was used to analytically find the stable fixed points in two simple cases: (a) when the inputs are two linearly independent vectors, in the positive quadrant of two-dimensional space; (b) for N orthogonal vectors in the positive quadrant o ...
Homeostasis and Mechanisms of Weight Regulation
... stimulus (the high temperatures in the house). Most homeostatic control mechanisms in the body work by negative feedback. For example, the body’s temperature is maintained around 37°C. If you get too warm, sensors in the hypothalamus of the brain will signal control centers that will produce sweatin ...
... stimulus (the high temperatures in the house). Most homeostatic control mechanisms in the body work by negative feedback. For example, the body’s temperature is maintained around 37°C. If you get too warm, sensors in the hypothalamus of the brain will signal control centers that will produce sweatin ...
The Neuromodulatory Basis of Emotion
... mechanism according to which dopamine mediates this modulation at the neural level (23). It is clear however that drug reward involves a complex circuitry including the hypothalamus, the ventral pallidum, amygdala, hippocampus and the tegmental nucleus, and that each of these structures are preferen ...
... mechanism according to which dopamine mediates this modulation at the neural level (23). It is clear however that drug reward involves a complex circuitry including the hypothalamus, the ventral pallidum, amygdala, hippocampus and the tegmental nucleus, and that each of these structures are preferen ...
Development of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses
... depends a subcellular gradient of neurofascin 186, a cell adhesion molecule of the L1 immunoglobulin family, along the PC soma-AIS axis, and such gradient requires ankyrinG, a membrane adaptor protein that recruits neurofascin (Ango et al. 2004). Interestingly, another member of the same family of ...
... depends a subcellular gradient of neurofascin 186, a cell adhesion molecule of the L1 immunoglobulin family, along the PC soma-AIS axis, and such gradient requires ankyrinG, a membrane adaptor protein that recruits neurofascin (Ango et al. 2004). Interestingly, another member of the same family of ...
Structural Biochemistry/Cell Signaling Pathways/Nervous System
... across membranes. Action potentials are initiated by the movement of charged ions, such as potassium and sodium, across the cell membrane through voltage dependent ion gates. These gates are opened by binding of neurotransmitters to post-synaptic cells. Thus, when a neurotransmitter binds and causes ...
... across membranes. Action potentials are initiated by the movement of charged ions, such as potassium and sodium, across the cell membrane through voltage dependent ion gates. These gates are opened by binding of neurotransmitters to post-synaptic cells. Thus, when a neurotransmitter binds and causes ...
Understanding-Psychology-8th-Edition-Morris-Test-Bank
... A teacher grading papers opens the door of the room in which she has been working and becomes aware of loud rock music coming from her son's radio. When she asks him to turn it off, he asks why she is just noticing it now when he's had it on for over 20 minutes. Which of the following psychological ...
... A teacher grading papers opens the door of the room in which she has been working and becomes aware of loud rock music coming from her son's radio. When she asks him to turn it off, he asks why she is just noticing it now when he's had it on for over 20 minutes. Which of the following psychological ...
Way SW, McKenna J 3rd, Mietzsch U, Reith RM, Wu HC, Gambello MJ. Loss of Tsc2 in radial glia models the brain pathology of tuberous sclerosis complex in the mouse. Human Molecular Genetics. 2009 Apr 1; 18(7):1252-65.
... Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant, tumor predisposition disorder characterized by significant neurodevelopmental brain lesions, such as tubers and subependymal nodules. The neuropathology of TSC is often associated with seizures and intellectual disability. To learn about the ...
... Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant, tumor predisposition disorder characterized by significant neurodevelopmental brain lesions, such as tubers and subependymal nodules. The neuropathology of TSC is often associated with seizures and intellectual disability. To learn about the ...
Slide 1
... FIGURE 13.2 Organizer transplant experiment of Mangold and Spemann. Tissue around the DBL was removed from one embryo (black) and placed into the ventral side of another (light gray). The transplanted DBL, if large enough, will cause a complete second dorsal axis to form on the host embryo, resulti ...
... FIGURE 13.2 Organizer transplant experiment of Mangold and Spemann. Tissue around the DBL was removed from one embryo (black) and placed into the ventral side of another (light gray). The transplanted DBL, if large enough, will cause a complete second dorsal axis to form on the host embryo, resulti ...
Biological Psychology: Bridging the Levels of Analysis
... second • The longer the axon, the more limited their maximal firing rate is ...
... second • The longer the axon, the more limited their maximal firing rate is ...
Bio 211 Lecture 18
... • absolute - time when threshold stimulus does not start another action potential (Na+ channels inactivated) • relative – time when stronger threshold stimulus can start another action potential (Na+ channels restored, K+ channels begin ...
... • absolute - time when threshold stimulus does not start another action potential (Na+ channels inactivated) • relative – time when stronger threshold stimulus can start another action potential (Na+ channels restored, K+ channels begin ...
9.14 Lecture 7: The Neural Tube Forms in the Embryo, and CNS
... There was an amazing evolution of major functions dependent originally on olfactory inputs and their projections to the endbrain: • Learned object preferences; identification of desired (good) and abhored (bad) things • Place learning: Identification and memory of good places and bad places ...
... There was an amazing evolution of major functions dependent originally on olfactory inputs and their projections to the endbrain: • Learned object preferences; identification of desired (good) and abhored (bad) things • Place learning: Identification and memory of good places and bad places ...
Role of Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Interactions in the Pathogenesis
... neuromodulators in respiratory-related neurons. A variety of such substances have been implicated in neonatal respiratory control and some, such as serotonin and adenosine, may have excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor subtypes activated (Fig 1). Although prostaglandins and end ...
... neuromodulators in respiratory-related neurons. A variety of such substances have been implicated in neonatal respiratory control and some, such as serotonin and adenosine, may have excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor subtypes activated (Fig 1). Although prostaglandins and end ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.