Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... Shapiro, 2007, 2009). Different components of PFC function may be mediated by different PFC subregions (well reviewed in Robbins, 1996; Uylings et al., 2003; Kesner and Churchwell, 2011). Elucidating the precise cellular constituents and mechanism(s) underlying PFC function, and how it exerts top-do ...
... Shapiro, 2007, 2009). Different components of PFC function may be mediated by different PFC subregions (well reviewed in Robbins, 1996; Uylings et al., 2003; Kesner and Churchwell, 2011). Elucidating the precise cellular constituents and mechanism(s) underlying PFC function, and how it exerts top-do ...
The mouse C9ORF72 ortholog is enriched in neurons known to
... reporter analyses are clear, it is important to note that one limitation of this approach is that post transcriptional regulation of the C9ORF72 ortholog could alter the relative localization of the protein it encodes. While our findings do not rule out low levels of ortholog expression in these non ...
... reporter analyses are clear, it is important to note that one limitation of this approach is that post transcriptional regulation of the C9ORF72 ortholog could alter the relative localization of the protein it encodes. While our findings do not rule out low levels of ortholog expression in these non ...
Proceedings - Neuroscience Meetings
... containing sinaptopodin greatly differ in structural and functional properties from the neighboring spines that do not contain sinaptopodin. Clusters of synaptopodin in spines colocalize with internal functional flow of calcium. Thus, sinaptopodin plays a role in synaptic plasticity, as well as the ...
... containing sinaptopodin greatly differ in structural and functional properties from the neighboring spines that do not contain sinaptopodin. Clusters of synaptopodin in spines colocalize with internal functional flow of calcium. Thus, sinaptopodin plays a role in synaptic plasticity, as well as the ...
The Peripheral Nervous System
... the cochlea, which transmits the vibrations into nerve impulses. 4. Nerve impulses travel via the auditory nerve to the brain. ...
... the cochlea, which transmits the vibrations into nerve impulses. 4. Nerve impulses travel via the auditory nerve to the brain. ...
Spinal Cord - Welcome to Study Windsor
... What is Pain? “An unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with ...
... What is Pain? “An unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with ...
Assessing similarity to primary tissue and cortical layer identity in
... identities and develop functional synapses (2–6). Most transcriptomic studies of iPSC-derived cortical neurons have examined expression in samples pooled from a whole population of cells so would miss potential cell type-specific or layer-specific effects (7,8). The development of single-cell gene exp ...
... identities and develop functional synapses (2–6). Most transcriptomic studies of iPSC-derived cortical neurons have examined expression in samples pooled from a whole population of cells so would miss potential cell type-specific or layer-specific effects (7,8). The development of single-cell gene exp ...
Spontaneous Spike Activity of Spinoreticular Tract Neurons During
... to modulate the rostral transmission of sensory nociceptive information. Earlier evoked potential studies by Pompeiano and his colleagues suggested that a variety of spinal sensory pathways whose axons project through the medial leminiscus are regulated only during the rapid eye movement (REM) porti ...
... to modulate the rostral transmission of sensory nociceptive information. Earlier evoked potential studies by Pompeiano and his colleagues suggested that a variety of spinal sensory pathways whose axons project through the medial leminiscus are regulated only during the rapid eye movement (REM) porti ...
empathize with fictional characters
... and Kaschak 2002). This embodied semantic framework has generated many experiments providing links between language and action (Hauk et al. 2004; Pulvermüller et al. 2006; Tettamanti et al. 2005). After the discovery of mirror neurons, brain imaging studies investigated the links between neural mirr ...
... and Kaschak 2002). This embodied semantic framework has generated many experiments providing links between language and action (Hauk et al. 2004; Pulvermüller et al. 2006; Tettamanti et al. 2005). After the discovery of mirror neurons, brain imaging studies investigated the links between neural mirr ...
Chapter 12: Neural Tissue
... provide energy, and dense areas of RER and ribosomes that produce neurotransmitters. These dense areas, called Nissl bodies, make neural tissues appear gray (the gray matter). - the cytoskeleton with neurofilaments and neurotubules (in place of microfilaments and microtubules) Bundles of neurofilam ...
... provide energy, and dense areas of RER and ribosomes that produce neurotransmitters. These dense areas, called Nissl bodies, make neural tissues appear gray (the gray matter). - the cytoskeleton with neurofilaments and neurotubules (in place of microfilaments and microtubules) Bundles of neurofilam ...
Dual single unit recording in Globus Pallidus (GP) and Subthalamic
... on the skull. One with stereotaxic coordinate of AP -0.8 to 1.3 mm, Lateral 3-4 mm (GP recording, with a 10 degree angle) and the other at AP -3.2 to -3.9, Lateral 2.1-2.7 mm (STN recording). The recording electrodes were advanced to reach the target coordinates of the GP (5.5-5.7 mm below the brain ...
... on the skull. One with stereotaxic coordinate of AP -0.8 to 1.3 mm, Lateral 3-4 mm (GP recording, with a 10 degree angle) and the other at AP -3.2 to -3.9, Lateral 2.1-2.7 mm (STN recording). The recording electrodes were advanced to reach the target coordinates of the GP (5.5-5.7 mm below the brain ...
Efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the amygdala
... receives a significant input from the SC (Baleydier and Magnin, 1979; Graybiel, 1978, reviewed in Usunoff et al., 2006). In order to understand whether the neurons of this small nucleus, with prominent efferent connections, are able to innervate more than one target by means of divergent axon collat ...
... receives a significant input from the SC (Baleydier and Magnin, 1979; Graybiel, 1978, reviewed in Usunoff et al., 2006). In order to understand whether the neurons of this small nucleus, with prominent efferent connections, are able to innervate more than one target by means of divergent axon collat ...
PDF
... have been the subject of research efforts over a period of many decades (Baslow and Guilfoyle, 2006). NAA is an N-acetylated derivative of l-aspartic acid (Asp), and NAAG is a dipeptide derivative of NAA, in which Glu is joined to the Asp moiety via a peptide bond. Glucose (Glc) is the on-going sour ...
... have been the subject of research efforts over a period of many decades (Baslow and Guilfoyle, 2006). NAA is an N-acetylated derivative of l-aspartic acid (Asp), and NAAG is a dipeptide derivative of NAA, in which Glu is joined to the Asp moiety via a peptide bond. Glucose (Glc) is the on-going sour ...
Day 3 - EE Sharif
... These latter ‘higher-order’ properties are inferred on the basis of (i.e., are the results of transformations of) representations For the time being we focus our attention on characterizing more basic physical properties, where we believe successes can be more convincingly demonstrated ...
... These latter ‘higher-order’ properties are inferred on the basis of (i.e., are the results of transformations of) representations For the time being we focus our attention on characterizing more basic physical properties, where we believe successes can be more convincingly demonstrated ...
The Function & Anatomy of Neurons What is a Neuron?
... cleft) between the synaptic bulb and the postsynaptic neuron. Once the impulse reaches the bulb the synaptic vesicles of the bulb move toward the bulb membrane. At the membrane the vesicles open and release the neurotransmitters. These chemicals travel across the cleft and attach to the recept ...
... cleft) between the synaptic bulb and the postsynaptic neuron. Once the impulse reaches the bulb the synaptic vesicles of the bulb move toward the bulb membrane. At the membrane the vesicles open and release the neurotransmitters. These chemicals travel across the cleft and attach to the recept ...
32 MaxPlanckResearch 3 | 09 Small but mighty: In mice, around ten
... The brain wastes no time when it comes to processing odors – as Andreas Schäfer is only too well aware. The biophysicist heads an Independent Junior Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, where he used a simple experiment to determine the “smelling speed” of m ...
... The brain wastes no time when it comes to processing odors – as Andreas Schäfer is only too well aware. The biophysicist heads an Independent Junior Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, where he used a simple experiment to determine the “smelling speed” of m ...
Use of an Amino-Cupric-Silver Technique for the Detection of Early
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
Ground-breaking research into learning honoured
... Minerva Foundation Golden Brain Award in 2006, the International Max Planck Research Award in 2007 and the Zülch Prize in 2013. Wolfram Schultz is German. He read medicine, mathematics and philosophy at the universities of Hamburg and Heidelberg, Germany, from 1966 to 1971. He completed postdoc stud ...
... Minerva Foundation Golden Brain Award in 2006, the International Max Planck Research Award in 2007 and the Zülch Prize in 2013. Wolfram Schultz is German. He read medicine, mathematics and philosophy at the universities of Hamburg and Heidelberg, Germany, from 1966 to 1971. He completed postdoc stud ...
Descending Spinal Tracts
... • The Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex – Anterior frontal lobes: Abstract thought, decision making and anticipating consequences of action – Area 6: Actions converted into signals specifying how actions will be performed – Per RolandÆ Monitored cortical activation accompany ...
... • The Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex – Anterior frontal lobes: Abstract thought, decision making and anticipating consequences of action – Area 6: Actions converted into signals specifying how actions will be performed – Per RolandÆ Monitored cortical activation accompany ...
AP Biology - Pleasantville High School
... -presynaptic means anything before the synapse and postsynaptic means anything after the synapse. Therefore the cell transmitting the nerve impulse is called the presynaptic cell and the cell receiving the information is called the postsynaptic cell. -nerve impulses reaching the presynaptic ending c ...
... -presynaptic means anything before the synapse and postsynaptic means anything after the synapse. Therefore the cell transmitting the nerve impulse is called the presynaptic cell and the cell receiving the information is called the postsynaptic cell. -nerve impulses reaching the presynaptic ending c ...
Nerve activates contraction
... • The clock’s rhythm usually does not exactly match environmental events. • Experiments in which humans have been deprived of external cues have shown that biological clock has a period of about 25 hours. ...
... • The clock’s rhythm usually does not exactly match environmental events. • Experiments in which humans have been deprived of external cues have shown that biological clock has a period of about 25 hours. ...
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic properties of cortical layer VI
... enhance the gain for the stream of peripheral information on its way to the cortex. Our results support also the notion that neuromodulatory systems may play a significant role in spike timing based information coding (Ponulak and Kasiński 2011). The question arises whether pre- or postsynaptic mech ...
... enhance the gain for the stream of peripheral information on its way to the cortex. Our results support also the notion that neuromodulatory systems may play a significant role in spike timing based information coding (Ponulak and Kasiński 2011). The question arises whether pre- or postsynaptic mech ...
Neurotransmitters
... According to Loewi, the idea for his key experiment came to him in his sleep. The next day, he dissected out of frogs two beating hearts: one with the vagus nerve which controls heart rate attached, the other heart on its own. Both hearts were bathed in a saline solution (i.e. Ringer's solution). By ...
... According to Loewi, the idea for his key experiment came to him in his sleep. The next day, he dissected out of frogs two beating hearts: one with the vagus nerve which controls heart rate attached, the other heart on its own. Both hearts were bathed in a saline solution (i.e. Ringer's solution). By ...
Neurological health and mitochondria
... a lot of energy. Although our brains only make up about 2% of our body weight, they use up to 20% of our body’s total energy expenditure. This means that neurons are highly dependent on our mitochondria being as healthy as possible. ...
... a lot of energy. Although our brains only make up about 2% of our body weight, they use up to 20% of our body’s total energy expenditure. This means that neurons are highly dependent on our mitochondria being as healthy as possible. ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.