The Visual System: From Eye to Cortex - U
... • The photopic system has low sensitivity with few receptors’ information combined at the next cell level (low convergence) • The scotopic system has high sensitivity with many receptors converging on ganglion cells (high convergence) • Only cones in the fovea; rods predominate in the periphery ...
... • The photopic system has low sensitivity with few receptors’ information combined at the next cell level (low convergence) • The scotopic system has high sensitivity with many receptors converging on ganglion cells (high convergence) • Only cones in the fovea; rods predominate in the periphery ...
BOLD signal - Department of Psychology
... Partial volume effects: The combination, within a single voxel, of signal contributions from two or more distinct tissue types or functional regions (Huettel, Song & McCarthy, 2004) This voxel contains mostly gray matter This voxel contains mostly white matter ...
... Partial volume effects: The combination, within a single voxel, of signal contributions from two or more distinct tissue types or functional regions (Huettel, Song & McCarthy, 2004) This voxel contains mostly gray matter This voxel contains mostly white matter ...
The neural circuitry necessary for decision making by
... Carpenter, 2000) and promise to connect the behavioural and the neurophysiological levels of description, but they do not address the neural mechanisms which could implement such accumulation. Our analysis demonstrates that it is implausible that evidence accumulation is the result of endogenous neu ...
... Carpenter, 2000) and promise to connect the behavioural and the neurophysiological levels of description, but they do not address the neural mechanisms which could implement such accumulation. Our analysis demonstrates that it is implausible that evidence accumulation is the result of endogenous neu ...
Signaling by truncated Dab1 protein - Development
... phosphorylation (Howell et al., 2000), suggesting that some other change induced by activated VLDLR and apoER2, for example, possible serine phosphorylation or relocalization of Dab1, triggers changes in the rates of Dab1 synthesis or degradation. Decreased Dab1 protein levels may be part of a negat ...
... phosphorylation (Howell et al., 2000), suggesting that some other change induced by activated VLDLR and apoER2, for example, possible serine phosphorylation or relocalization of Dab1, triggers changes in the rates of Dab1 synthesis or degradation. Decreased Dab1 protein levels may be part of a negat ...
Tolerance to Sound Intensity of Binaural
... Western Medical Supply). An adequate level of anesthesia was maintained with supplemental injections of ketamine when necessary. Body temperature was maintained with a heating pad. The skull was immobilized by placing the owl in a stereotaxic head holder such that the palatine ridge (the roof of the ...
... Western Medical Supply). An adequate level of anesthesia was maintained with supplemental injections of ketamine when necessary. Body temperature was maintained with a heating pad. The skull was immobilized by placing the owl in a stereotaxic head holder such that the palatine ridge (the roof of the ...
Chapter 9-中樞神經系統檔案
... Figure 9.4 Blood-brain barrier. (a) Typical capillaries (found in most regions of the body). Whereas exchange of small hydrophilic molecules occurs by simple diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid through pores, proteins are too large to cross through pores; some proteins are transported acr ...
... Figure 9.4 Blood-brain barrier. (a) Typical capillaries (found in most regions of the body). Whereas exchange of small hydrophilic molecules occurs by simple diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid through pores, proteins are too large to cross through pores; some proteins are transported acr ...
Chapter 9-中樞神經系統檔案
... Figure 9.4 Blood-brain barrier. (a) Typical capillaries (found in most regions of the body). Whereas exchange of small hydrophilic molecules occurs by simple diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid through pores, proteins are too large to cross through pores; some proteins are transported acr ...
... Figure 9.4 Blood-brain barrier. (a) Typical capillaries (found in most regions of the body). Whereas exchange of small hydrophilic molecules occurs by simple diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid through pores, proteins are too large to cross through pores; some proteins are transported acr ...
Self Organizing Maps: Fundamentals
... target output for each input pattern, and the network learns to produce the required outputs. We now turn to unsupervised training, in which the networks learn to form their own classifications of the training data without external help. To do this we have to assume that class membership is broadly ...
... target output for each input pattern, and the network learns to produce the required outputs. We now turn to unsupervised training, in which the networks learn to form their own classifications of the training data without external help. To do this we have to assume that class membership is broadly ...
Motor Systems I Cortex
... Movement Direction Coding in M1 • Neural representation of movement direction is best expressed by a population (“ensemble”) code: – Each M1 neuron “votes” for movement direction according to its firing rate for that direction. – Directional vector sum of the population (red arrows) closely matches ...
... Movement Direction Coding in M1 • Neural representation of movement direction is best expressed by a population (“ensemble”) code: – Each M1 neuron “votes” for movement direction according to its firing rate for that direction. – Directional vector sum of the population (red arrows) closely matches ...
Nervous System PPT 4 - PNS
... The nervous system consists of two types of cells: neurons and mesoglia. Neurons are specialized to carry nerve impulses. A nerve impulse is an electrochemical change that travels along the length of a neuron fiber. Transmission of signals between neurons is dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. ...
... The nervous system consists of two types of cells: neurons and mesoglia. Neurons are specialized to carry nerve impulses. A nerve impulse is an electrochemical change that travels along the length of a neuron fiber. Transmission of signals between neurons is dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. ...
Pathogenicity and Effects of Prions Misfolding
... and sex matched Wister rats were used for immunohistological studies to identify specific regions of the brain and cell types that are affected by TSEs. In Figure 8, a number of regions in the brain are shown through use of histological slides and immunofluorescent antibody labeling which targets Pr ...
... and sex matched Wister rats were used for immunohistological studies to identify specific regions of the brain and cell types that are affected by TSEs. In Figure 8, a number of regions in the brain are shown through use of histological slides and immunofluorescent antibody labeling which targets Pr ...
BY310 Review 2
... readily ranked according to their ability to form the central portion. (chondrocytes > heart cells > liver cells is the hierarchical order) Differential adhesion hypothesis: the cell type with maximal adhesiveness (chondrocytes) will form a core that is surrounded by concentric spheres of cells with ...
... readily ranked according to their ability to form the central portion. (chondrocytes > heart cells > liver cells is the hierarchical order) Differential adhesion hypothesis: the cell type with maximal adhesiveness (chondrocytes) will form a core that is surrounded by concentric spheres of cells with ...
UNC-55, an Orphan Nuclear Hormone Receptor, Orchestrates
... modifying the common genetic programs of neurons to create different synaptic specificities. The precisely defined sets of nerve and muscle cells responsible for locomotion in C. elegans allow genetic and cellular manipulations that provide a unique opportunity for investigating the generation of sp ...
... modifying the common genetic programs of neurons to create different synaptic specificities. The precisely defined sets of nerve and muscle cells responsible for locomotion in C. elegans allow genetic and cellular manipulations that provide a unique opportunity for investigating the generation of sp ...
Trial time warping to discriminate stimulus-related
... we only used the data of the four stimuli and their corresponding tapping movements of the synchronization phase of the task. We analyzed 500 neurons that showed a minimum discharge rate of 4 Hz and showed task related activity based on an ANOVA where the discharge rate was the dependent variable an ...
... we only used the data of the four stimuli and their corresponding tapping movements of the synchronization phase of the task. We analyzed 500 neurons that showed a minimum discharge rate of 4 Hz and showed task related activity based on an ANOVA where the discharge rate was the dependent variable an ...
The Nervous System
... Neurotransmitters diffuse from the end of one neuron to receptors on the next neuron. When they land on the specific receptor they allow gates to open that allow sodium to enter - this ignites the electro-chemical impulse to begin in the the next neuron. ...
... Neurotransmitters diffuse from the end of one neuron to receptors on the next neuron. When they land on the specific receptor they allow gates to open that allow sodium to enter - this ignites the electro-chemical impulse to begin in the the next neuron. ...
Changes in Prefrontal Neuronal Activity after
... underlying neuronal changes. In principle, increased activation could be the result of a larger cortical population being recruited by the task or increased firing of the same population of cortical neurons. Individual neuronal responses may also become more selective for the properties of the operan ...
... underlying neuronal changes. In principle, increased activation could be the result of a larger cortical population being recruited by the task or increased firing of the same population of cortical neurons. Individual neuronal responses may also become more selective for the properties of the operan ...
Function
... signal to functionally distinct areas of the cerebral cortex. • The association nuclei receive most of their input from the cerebral cortex and project back to the cerebral cortex in the association areas where they appear to regulate activity. • The nonspecific nuclei include many of the intralamin ...
... signal to functionally distinct areas of the cerebral cortex. • The association nuclei receive most of their input from the cerebral cortex and project back to the cerebral cortex in the association areas where they appear to regulate activity. • The nonspecific nuclei include many of the intralamin ...
Continuing Education Independent Study Series
... An axon is a single process of cytoplasm that extends from the cell body. The function of the axon is to conduct impulses away from the cell body. The distal end of the axon is expanded and referred to as the synaptic end bulb. These bulbs contain synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters that ...
... An axon is a single process of cytoplasm that extends from the cell body. The function of the axon is to conduct impulses away from the cell body. The distal end of the axon is expanded and referred to as the synaptic end bulb. These bulbs contain synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters that ...
Blood exerts a powerful influence on the brain - Gu Lab
... This interaction between neuron and blood can lead to more blood delivered not just by turning up the flow, but also by creating new pipes, a different study reveals. Neurons that respond to whisker twitches in young mice could actually trigger new blood vessels to form, neuroscientist Chenghua Gu o ...
... This interaction between neuron and blood can lead to more blood delivered not just by turning up the flow, but also by creating new pipes, a different study reveals. Neurons that respond to whisker twitches in young mice could actually trigger new blood vessels to form, neuroscientist Chenghua Gu o ...
Expression and Functional Interaction of Hepatocyte Growth Factor
... During the development, HGF-SF signals were first detected in El2 mouse brain. At that time and throughout further development, HGF-SF mRNA was prominently expressed in the neuroepithelial layer of the telencephalic vesicle. Furthermore, expression was seen in the developing cortical plate, most pro ...
... During the development, HGF-SF signals were first detected in El2 mouse brain. At that time and throughout further development, HGF-SF mRNA was prominently expressed in the neuroepithelial layer of the telencephalic vesicle. Furthermore, expression was seen in the developing cortical plate, most pro ...
Exam2006_AnswerKey
... describe their genotype with respect to fruitless, cadence, and any transgenes they may carry. Also, please predict whether these flies will take the same length of time or longer than wildtype to copulate, and whether they will remain rhythmic in constant darkness. (6 pts) If these two phenotypes a ...
... describe their genotype with respect to fruitless, cadence, and any transgenes they may carry. Also, please predict whether these flies will take the same length of time or longer than wildtype to copulate, and whether they will remain rhythmic in constant darkness. (6 pts) If these two phenotypes a ...
Chapter 6: Summary and Discussion
... associated with the curves. Similar to previous studies (Platt & Glimcher 1999; Leon & Shadlen 1999; Ikeda & Hikosaka 2003; Sugrue et al 2004), we found that highly rewarding stimuli evoked a stronger response than stimuli which were not rewarded. This effect was stronger in the presence of two curv ...
... associated with the curves. Similar to previous studies (Platt & Glimcher 1999; Leon & Shadlen 1999; Ikeda & Hikosaka 2003; Sugrue et al 2004), we found that highly rewarding stimuli evoked a stronger response than stimuli which were not rewarded. This effect was stronger in the presence of two curv ...
Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during
... represented as shown in Figure 2Ca (Shiba et al., 1999). ELMs hyperpolarized during the augmented phrenic discharge (inspiratory phase) and then depolarized strongly at the transition from the inspiratory to the expiratory phase (compressive phase). The membrane potential repolarized transiently aft ...
... represented as shown in Figure 2Ca (Shiba et al., 1999). ELMs hyperpolarized during the augmented phrenic discharge (inspiratory phase) and then depolarized strongly at the transition from the inspiratory to the expiratory phase (compressive phase). The membrane potential repolarized transiently aft ...
Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces
... Associative learning using noxious stimuli as the US has been documented behaviorally, and the mediating synaptic change has been elucidated in some systems1–4. However, the neural pathways that mediate nociceptor-driven aversive teaching signals in mammals are not well understood. One candidate pat ...
... Associative learning using noxious stimuli as the US has been documented behaviorally, and the mediating synaptic change has been elucidated in some systems1–4. However, the neural pathways that mediate nociceptor-driven aversive teaching signals in mammals are not well understood. One candidate pat ...
Spinal Cord – Gross Anatomy
... Flat from front to back and elliptical in shape Has two grooves that run its length separating it into right and left halves o Anterior (Ventral) median fissure o Posterior (Dorsal) median sulcus The central portion has a canal called the central canal Each cord segment is associated with a pair of ...
... Flat from front to back and elliptical in shape Has two grooves that run its length separating it into right and left halves o Anterior (Ventral) median fissure o Posterior (Dorsal) median sulcus The central portion has a canal called the central canal Each cord segment is associated with a pair of ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.