Differential Localization of G Protein βγ Subunits
... importance in determining which of the many possible combinations are likely to occur physiologically, what roles each may play in regulating signaling cascades, and their impact in disease. The majority of G protein β and γ subunits have been detected in the central nervous system (CNS).28−34 Our u ...
... importance in determining which of the many possible combinations are likely to occur physiologically, what roles each may play in regulating signaling cascades, and their impact in disease. The majority of G protein β and γ subunits have been detected in the central nervous system (CNS).28−34 Our u ...
The Autonomic Nervous System
... responses in target tissues by releasing chemical transmitters that was able to fully explain the myriad of contrasting effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. A productive era of research in the mid 20th century identified noradrenaline and acetylcholine as the principal neurotransmi ...
... responses in target tissues by releasing chemical transmitters that was able to fully explain the myriad of contrasting effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. A productive era of research in the mid 20th century identified noradrenaline and acetylcholine as the principal neurotransmi ...
Maruska et al. 2007
... subordinate non-territorial males or females. However, in the serial-reversible sex-changing marine goby (Trimma okinawae) females have larger AVT cells than males (Grober and Sunobe, 1996). Parhar et al. (2001) examined sexual dimorphisms in AVT neurons in the goldfish and found no difference in ne ...
... subordinate non-territorial males or females. However, in the serial-reversible sex-changing marine goby (Trimma okinawae) females have larger AVT cells than males (Grober and Sunobe, 1996). Parhar et al. (2001) examined sexual dimorphisms in AVT neurons in the goldfish and found no difference in ne ...
Neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia: understanding
... Figure 1. Long-term neurodevelopmental processes disturbed in SZ. The upper part depicts normal corticogenesis: radial migration of neural progenitor cells from the subventricular zone towards the cortical plate to form the well-defined cortical layers and elimination of connections in adolescence. ...
... Figure 1. Long-term neurodevelopmental processes disturbed in SZ. The upper part depicts normal corticogenesis: radial migration of neural progenitor cells from the subventricular zone towards the cortical plate to form the well-defined cortical layers and elimination of connections in adolescence. ...
Overview Synaptic plasticity Synaptic strength
... When the presynaptic axon of cell A repeatedly and persistently fails to axcite the postsynaptic cell B while cell B is firing under the influence of other presynaptic axons, metabolic change takes place in one or both cells so that A‘s efficiency ... is decreased. ...
... When the presynaptic axon of cell A repeatedly and persistently fails to axcite the postsynaptic cell B while cell B is firing under the influence of other presynaptic axons, metabolic change takes place in one or both cells so that A‘s efficiency ... is decreased. ...
Developments in understanding neuronal spike trains and functional
... explain fast response characteristics of many neuronal circuits, particularly those involved with visual processing (Koch, 1999). Put simply, there is significant presence of neuronal processing that involves dependency only on single spikes or on the time interval between spikes. This latter point ...
... explain fast response characteristics of many neuronal circuits, particularly those involved with visual processing (Koch, 1999). Put simply, there is significant presence of neuronal processing that involves dependency only on single spikes or on the time interval between spikes. This latter point ...
autonomic nervous system
... cells (from the Greek word for “glue”), another special type of cell found in the nervous system. • Glial cells have several functions: removing waste, occupying vacant space when neurons die, guiding the migration of neurons during brain development, and insulation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Educati ...
... cells (from the Greek word for “glue”), another special type of cell found in the nervous system. • Glial cells have several functions: removing waste, occupying vacant space when neurons die, guiding the migration of neurons during brain development, and insulation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Educati ...
Memory from the dynamics of intrinsic membrane currents
... Sustained neuronal activity in response to a brief stimulus has been proposed to underlie some short-term memory tasks (see other papers in this colloquium). For many years, the assumption was made that such sustained activity resulted from reverberating activity through excitatory feedback loops. H ...
... Sustained neuronal activity in response to a brief stimulus has been proposed to underlie some short-term memory tasks (see other papers in this colloquium). For many years, the assumption was made that such sustained activity resulted from reverberating activity through excitatory feedback loops. H ...
BRAIN DYNAMICS AT MULTIPLE SCALES: CAN ONE RECONCILE
... Nonlinear time series analyses have suggested that the human electroencephalogram (EEG) may share statistical and dynamical properties with chaotic systems. During slow-wave sleep or pathological states like epilepsy, correlation dimension measurements display low values, while in awake and attentiv ...
... Nonlinear time series analyses have suggested that the human electroencephalogram (EEG) may share statistical and dynamical properties with chaotic systems. During slow-wave sleep or pathological states like epilepsy, correlation dimension measurements display low values, while in awake and attentiv ...
neural correlates of associative face memory in
... associative pair-selective neurons (upper, black); and face-responsive but not associative pair-responsive neurons (lower, gray). Arrows indicate the ISI values of the neurons depicted in Fig. 2 (black) and Fig. 3 (white), which were 0.5667 and 0.4201, respectively. ...
... associative pair-selective neurons (upper, black); and face-responsive but not associative pair-responsive neurons (lower, gray). Arrows indicate the ISI values of the neurons depicted in Fig. 2 (black) and Fig. 3 (white), which were 0.5667 and 0.4201, respectively. ...
Dopamine Neurons Mediate a Fast Excitatory Signal
... in Fig. 1 B), DA release decreased from ⬃1 M at site 4 to 30 nM at site 1, which was 2.5 ⫾ 0.3% of the release in the nAcc (at site 4); sites 3 and 2 were intermediate at 26 ⫾ 3 and 9.5 ⫾ 2.5%, respectively (Fig. 1 F). Bath application of the DAT inhibitor nomifensine (10 M, 10 min) dramatically i ...
... in Fig. 1 B), DA release decreased from ⬃1 M at site 4 to 30 nM at site 1, which was 2.5 ⫾ 0.3% of the release in the nAcc (at site 4); sites 3 and 2 were intermediate at 26 ⫾ 3 and 9.5 ⫾ 2.5%, respectively (Fig. 1 F). Bath application of the DAT inhibitor nomifensine (10 M, 10 min) dramatically i ...
Antioxidant Enzymes in Brain Cortex of Rats
... Stress exposure influences body homeostasis, leading to different physiological responses but may also cause development of various pathological conditions. Physical and psychological stress is already known to induce sympathetic activity and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which acti ...
... Stress exposure influences body homeostasis, leading to different physiological responses but may also cause development of various pathological conditions. Physical and psychological stress is already known to induce sympathetic activity and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which acti ...
Developmental mechanics of the primate cerebral cortex
... sidelined by the rapid progress of research into the genetic control of brain development. It may, however, be worthwhile to take a second look at developmental mechanics to understand how the intricate complexity of brain shape and function can arise from a finite number of genes controlling neural ...
... sidelined by the rapid progress of research into the genetic control of brain development. It may, however, be worthwhile to take a second look at developmental mechanics to understand how the intricate complexity of brain shape and function can arise from a finite number of genes controlling neural ...
Astrocyteneuron interaction in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal
... min for 10 s each, either at increasing (Fig. 2Aa,b) or at stable concentrations (Fig. 1Bc,Ca,Da). When the interaction of 20 (30 )-O-(4benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-50 -triphosphate tri(triethylammonium) salt (Bz-ATP) with excitatory amino acid (EAA), GABAA, or P2X7 receptor antagonists was studied, a s ...
... min for 10 s each, either at increasing (Fig. 2Aa,b) or at stable concentrations (Fig. 1Bc,Ca,Da). When the interaction of 20 (30 )-O-(4benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-50 -triphosphate tri(triethylammonium) salt (Bz-ATP) with excitatory amino acid (EAA), GABAA, or P2X7 receptor antagonists was studied, a s ...
Life and Death of Neurons in the Aging Brain
... stress and aberrant calcium metabolism, and in fact, these processes may even augment disruption in neurofilament protein assembly or transport (28). ...
... stress and aberrant calcium metabolism, and in fact, these processes may even augment disruption in neurofilament protein assembly or transport (28). ...
Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein and mRNA Are
... quitesimilarto the overall distribution of NOS. Higher magnifications emphasize the colocalization of these ...
... quitesimilarto the overall distribution of NOS. Higher magnifications emphasize the colocalization of these ...
Locally evoked potentials in slices of the rat nucleus - UvA-DARE
... interval for N2, but s o m e t i m e s it was still present at an interval of 200 ms (n = 5). In o r d e r to relate the different c o m p o n e n t s of the locally e v o k e d potential to neuronal discharges, unit activity was studied. This type of activity was distinguished f r o m population sp ...
... interval for N2, but s o m e t i m e s it was still present at an interval of 200 ms (n = 5). In o r d e r to relate the different c o m p o n e n t s of the locally e v o k e d potential to neuronal discharges, unit activity was studied. This type of activity was distinguished f r o m population sp ...
Ping-An Li, Ashfaq Shuaib, Hiro Miyashita, Qing
... notably glutamate, play a pivotal role in neuronal death.8 –10 Recent studies demonstrate that mitochondria are a primary target of glutamate toxicity.11 Glutamate-mediated massive influx of calcium triggers opening of a mitochondrial permeability transition pore, which may contribute to cell death. ...
... notably glutamate, play a pivotal role in neuronal death.8 –10 Recent studies demonstrate that mitochondria are a primary target of glutamate toxicity.11 Glutamate-mediated massive influx of calcium triggers opening of a mitochondrial permeability transition pore, which may contribute to cell death. ...
Deficits of brainstem and spinal cord functions after
... children. These complex motor functions originate from central pattern generator localized in the brainstem (8,12) which is vulnerable to HI (17). The respiratory center is located in an area within the brainstem called the pre-Bötzinger complex which is continuously modulated by endogenous bionamin ...
... children. These complex motor functions originate from central pattern generator localized in the brainstem (8,12) which is vulnerable to HI (17). The respiratory center is located in an area within the brainstem called the pre-Bötzinger complex which is continuously modulated by endogenous bionamin ...
Structural changes of the human superior cervical
... Institute of Anatomy, Kaunas University of Medicine, Lithuania, ¹Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Latvia Key words: human superior cervical ganglion; sympathetic neuron; apoptosis; ischemic stroke; TUNEL method. Summary. Objective. The sympathetic nervous system parti ...
... Institute of Anatomy, Kaunas University of Medicine, Lithuania, ¹Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Latvia Key words: human superior cervical ganglion; sympathetic neuron; apoptosis; ischemic stroke; TUNEL method. Summary. Objective. The sympathetic nervous system parti ...
Commentaries on Viewpoint: A role for the prefrontal cortex in
... model, as tentatively sketched in Fig. 1 of the present paper. However, we have to be clear about the concepts to be explained: motivation, effort, and pain should be understood as distinct factors influencing each other as well as supraspinal fatigue and task failure. It will be interesting to more ...
... model, as tentatively sketched in Fig. 1 of the present paper. However, we have to be clear about the concepts to be explained: motivation, effort, and pain should be understood as distinct factors influencing each other as well as supraspinal fatigue and task failure. It will be interesting to more ...
Activity of Krebs cycle enzymes in mdx mice - Genoma
... species, which are produced in the complexes of the electron transport chain20. Moreover, a shift in the antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance toward oxidative stress may inhibit Krebs cycle and electron transport chain complexes, leading to decreases in ATP production and cellular dysfunction8. In the CN ...
... species, which are produced in the complexes of the electron transport chain20. Moreover, a shift in the antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance toward oxidative stress may inhibit Krebs cycle and electron transport chain complexes, leading to decreases in ATP production and cellular dysfunction8. In the CN ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.