Neuropathological Alterations in Alzheimer Disease
... visual cortices, is considered strongly suggestive of AD being the condition underlying the patient’s dementia. As a result of this pattern of cortical thinning, the lateral ventricules, particularly their temporal horns, can appear prominently dilated (ex vacuo hydrocephalus). This pattern is stere ...
... visual cortices, is considered strongly suggestive of AD being the condition underlying the patient’s dementia. As a result of this pattern of cortical thinning, the lateral ventricules, particularly their temporal horns, can appear prominently dilated (ex vacuo hydrocephalus). This pattern is stere ...
Neural Correlates of Object-Associated Choice Behavior
... provided the accuracy of the choice, and the rat moved its snout into the food tray (Fig. 1A). Raster plots. A raster plot was built by aligning spike timestamps with reference to the timestamp for the choice event (bin size ⫽ 50 ms, time window ⫽ 4 s before and after choice). Among the cells with m ...
... provided the accuracy of the choice, and the rat moved its snout into the food tray (Fig. 1A). Raster plots. A raster plot was built by aligning spike timestamps with reference to the timestamp for the choice event (bin size ⫽ 50 ms, time window ⫽ 4 s before and after choice). Among the cells with m ...
Stretch reflexes. (Final).
... because if nuclear bag fibres relax during muscle contraction ,its sensitivity to stretch decreases, plate endings which end mainly on the nuclear bag fibres , prepare it to sense a new sudden stretch of the muscle by contracting the peripheral contractile part of nuclear bag fibres, so stret ...
... because if nuclear bag fibres relax during muscle contraction ,its sensitivity to stretch decreases, plate endings which end mainly on the nuclear bag fibres , prepare it to sense a new sudden stretch of the muscle by contracting the peripheral contractile part of nuclear bag fibres, so stret ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
neuronal coding of prediction errors
... where g is a parameter (bounded by 0 and 1) that determines the relative weight given to the associability of the signal on the preceding episode (an11) and to the change in associability on that episode (Dan11). The associability of the stimulus, a, is then deployed to control the change in excitat ...
... where g is a parameter (bounded by 0 and 1) that determines the relative weight given to the associability of the signal on the preceding episode (an11) and to the change in associability on that episode (Dan11). The associability of the stimulus, a, is then deployed to control the change in excitat ...
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral
... increase the synaptic availability of DA/NE to presynaptic autoreceptors that followed by decrease in the release of DA and NE. The increase of NE in the LC nucleus by bupropion can reduces the firing rates of LC-NE neurons, dose dependently (Ascher et al. 1995). The VTA-DA neurons increase the DA s ...
... increase the synaptic availability of DA/NE to presynaptic autoreceptors that followed by decrease in the release of DA and NE. The increase of NE in the LC nucleus by bupropion can reduces the firing rates of LC-NE neurons, dose dependently (Ascher et al. 1995). The VTA-DA neurons increase the DA s ...
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-like Molecules in the Retina
... to three days later the animal was reanesthetized and perfused with fixative. The tectum was then serially sectioned, with the plane of the sections being as close as possible to coronal. Each section was then split in the midsagittal plane, and each right half-section was set aside. The left half-s ...
... to three days later the animal was reanesthetized and perfused with fixative. The tectum was then serially sectioned, with the plane of the sections being as close as possible to coronal. Each section was then split in the midsagittal plane, and each right half-section was set aside. The left half-s ...
Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption Protects against Transient Focal
... reduced PPARc protein in the nucleus. In addition to the nucleus, PPARc also expresses in the cytoplasm [22]. Thus, upregulated PPARc mRNA during reperfusion may be a compensatory response and increased PPARc immunoreactivity may be mainly located in the cytoplasm. Transient focal cerebral ischemia ...
... reduced PPARc protein in the nucleus. In addition to the nucleus, PPARc also expresses in the cytoplasm [22]. Thus, upregulated PPARc mRNA during reperfusion may be a compensatory response and increased PPARc immunoreactivity may be mainly located in the cytoplasm. Transient focal cerebral ischemia ...
Neuronal Processing of Chemical Information in Crustaceans Chapter 7
... homogeneous, exclusively occur on the outer flagellum of the antennules, and represent olfactory sensilla corresponding to those of insects in ultrastructure. Hence, we will use the term olfactory receptor neurons – ORNs – for the CRNs they contain. The dichotomy in the structure of crustacean sensi ...
... homogeneous, exclusively occur on the outer flagellum of the antennules, and represent olfactory sensilla corresponding to those of insects in ultrastructure. Hence, we will use the term olfactory receptor neurons – ORNs – for the CRNs they contain. The dichotomy in the structure of crustacean sensi ...
Table of Contents
... – (fMRI)functional magnetic resonance imaging – RealTable of Contents time MRI ...
... – (fMRI)functional magnetic resonance imaging – RealTable of Contents time MRI ...
The role of nitric oxide in the hypothalamic control of LHRH and
... Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) affects reproductive processes both at the level of the brain and reproductive tract and this review is focused on its role as an essential regulator of the hypothalamic control of reproduction. The data gathered indicate that glutamate stimulates noradrenergic neurons wh ...
... Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) affects reproductive processes both at the level of the brain and reproductive tract and this review is focused on its role as an essential regulator of the hypothalamic control of reproduction. The data gathered indicate that glutamate stimulates noradrenergic neurons wh ...
![Responses to Odors Mapped in Snail Tentacle and Brain by [14C]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/017009313_1-932f7069dbfdd3fd3915bbe942d02b0f-300x300.png)
Responses to Odors Mapped in Snail Tentacle and Brain by [14C]
... see Wright, 1974; Chase and Kamil, 1983; Chase and Tolloczko, 1985). The receptors ...
... see Wright, 1974; Chase and Kamil, 1983; Chase and Tolloczko, 1985). The receptors ...
J.H. Meijer, S. Michel, M.J. Vansteensel
... In the central nervous system, cells communicate by electrical and humoral signalling. Therefore, the protein products of clock genes become functional for central nervous signalling if they lead to changes in membrane potential and thereby to changes in electrical activity and release of neurotrans ...
... In the central nervous system, cells communicate by electrical and humoral signalling. Therefore, the protein products of clock genes become functional for central nervous signalling if they lead to changes in membrane potential and thereby to changes in electrical activity and release of neurotrans ...
PDF
... humans, triggering the startle response at rest with a loud auditory stimulus produces activity in many muscles throughout the body, almost always including both the orbicularis oculi (OO) and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and with predominant flexor activity in limb muscles (Landis and Hunt, 1939). Thi ...
... humans, triggering the startle response at rest with a loud auditory stimulus produces activity in many muscles throughout the body, almost always including both the orbicularis oculi (OO) and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and with predominant flexor activity in limb muscles (Landis and Hunt, 1939). Thi ...
High reward expectancy during methylphenidate depresses the
... studies defined the reward-related BOLD response as the difference between the least and the most appealing reward condition, obscuring the parametric relation of the BOLD signal to the RPE. Instead, we created a full-range parametric variation of the RPE from unexpected high punishment to unexpecte ...
... studies defined the reward-related BOLD response as the difference between the least and the most appealing reward condition, obscuring the parametric relation of the BOLD signal to the RPE. Instead, we created a full-range parametric variation of the RPE from unexpected high punishment to unexpecte ...
Cln3 Targeted Disruption of the Gene Provides a Mouse Model for Batten Disease
... the most common neurodegenerative diseases of childhood, with an incidence of up to 1:12,500 (Santavuori, 1998). The clinical course is progressive and is marked by blindness, seizures, psychomotor deficits and dementia leading to a vegetative state and death in early adulthood (reviewed in Santavuo ...
... the most common neurodegenerative diseases of childhood, with an incidence of up to 1:12,500 (Santavuori, 1998). The clinical course is progressive and is marked by blindness, seizures, psychomotor deficits and dementia leading to a vegetative state and death in early adulthood (reviewed in Santavuo ...
extrasynaptic glutamate does not reach the postsynaptic density
... In the presence of NBQX (20 AM), APV (150 AM) and antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors the effect of D-Glu on the antidromic spike are insignificant (90 F 7%, n = 5 vs. 53 F 9%, n = 6) (Fig. 2B-b,c). It has been demonstrated recently that the basal activity of glutamate transporters compe ...
... In the presence of NBQX (20 AM), APV (150 AM) and antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors the effect of D-Glu on the antidromic spike are insignificant (90 F 7%, n = 5 vs. 53 F 9%, n = 6) (Fig. 2B-b,c). It has been demonstrated recently that the basal activity of glutamate transporters compe ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... at the beginning of a session to produce a brief (2-5 s) pupillary dilation. The US was delivered to the subcutaneous tissue of the forepaw contralateral to the recording site via a pair of fine wire electrodes. Pupillary size was monitored by an infrared pupillometer (Cassady, Farley, Weinberger, & ...
... at the beginning of a session to produce a brief (2-5 s) pupillary dilation. The US was delivered to the subcutaneous tissue of the forepaw contralateral to the recording site via a pair of fine wire electrodes. Pupillary size was monitored by an infrared pupillometer (Cassady, Farley, Weinberger, & ...
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... 1996; Castel-Barthe et al., 1996), suggesting that age-related pathological brain dysfunction might be ameliorated by treatment with neurotrophic factor. Most of earlier studies usually estimated degenerative or atrophic changes in morphology of the cholinergic neurons. However, recently attention h ...
... 1996; Castel-Barthe et al., 1996), suggesting that age-related pathological brain dysfunction might be ameliorated by treatment with neurotrophic factor. Most of earlier studies usually estimated degenerative or atrophic changes in morphology of the cholinergic neurons. However, recently attention h ...
Turning on the alarm - Center for Healthy Minds
... profiles in SI versus SII, though the experimental design and use of MEG precluded testing for response profile differences across a wider range of brain regions and to a more continuous range of applied stimuli. In this study, we modeled BOLD response profiles along a continuum of applied temperatures ...
... profiles in SI versus SII, though the experimental design and use of MEG precluded testing for response profile differences across a wider range of brain regions and to a more continuous range of applied stimuli. In this study, we modeled BOLD response profiles along a continuum of applied temperatures ...
The Neurology of Music for Post-Traumatic-Stress
... Secondly, the person also has to experience intrusion symptoms (distressing memories; distressing dreams; dissociative reactions; prolonged or intense psychological distress; or intense psychological reactions when exposed to cues that resemble an aspect of the event). Thirdly, there also has to be ...
... Secondly, the person also has to experience intrusion symptoms (distressing memories; distressing dreams; dissociative reactions; prolonged or intense psychological distress; or intense psychological reactions when exposed to cues that resemble an aspect of the event). Thirdly, there also has to be ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... the frog skin protein homologue Bv8, stimulates gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle contraction (Schweitz et al., 1999;Mollay et al., 1999;Joubert & Strydom, 1980). The mammalian homologue prokineticins consist of two cysteine-rich secreted proteins, prokineticin 1 (PK1) and prokineticin 2 (PK2), th ...
... the frog skin protein homologue Bv8, stimulates gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle contraction (Schweitz et al., 1999;Mollay et al., 1999;Joubert & Strydom, 1980). The mammalian homologue prokineticins consist of two cysteine-rich secreted proteins, prokineticin 1 (PK1) and prokineticin 2 (PK2), th ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.