The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... generates the ERN by disinhibiting the apical dendrites of motor neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, we suggest that the error signals are used to train the anterior cingulate cortex, ensuring that control over the motor system will be released to a motor controller that is best s ...
... generates the ERN by disinhibiting the apical dendrites of motor neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, we suggest that the error signals are used to train the anterior cingulate cortex, ensuring that control over the motor system will be released to a motor controller that is best s ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... This circuit is an integral part of the cortico-basal ganglia system. In addition, other structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, lateral habenular (LHb) nucleus, and specific brainstem structures, such as the pedunculopontine nucleus and the raphe nuclei, are key components that regulate the ...
... This circuit is an integral part of the cortico-basal ganglia system. In addition, other structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, lateral habenular (LHb) nucleus, and specific brainstem structures, such as the pedunculopontine nucleus and the raphe nuclei, are key components that regulate the ...
as a PDF
... and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). It should be pointed out that equiosmolar NaCl hypertonic solution is a more effective stimulus than nonsaline hypertonic solutions (345). Lesions in the region of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle (AV3V), involving the ventral part of the median preop ...
... and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). It should be pointed out that equiosmolar NaCl hypertonic solution is a more effective stimulus than nonsaline hypertonic solutions (345). Lesions in the region of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle (AV3V), involving the ventral part of the median preop ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralateral mPFC to label IT neurons. In both genotypes, IT neurons were found throughout L2– 6, whereas PT neurons were restricted to L5/6. Within the deep layers, PT and IT neurons could be observed within close proxim ...
... label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralateral mPFC to label IT neurons. In both genotypes, IT neurons were found throughout L2– 6, whereas PT neurons were restricted to L5/6. Within the deep layers, PT and IT neurons could be observed within close proxim ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... by drugs that block synapses suggesting that it comes from the dendrites of tectal cells where optic fibers make synapses. Microelectrodes may also pick up action potentials indicative of individual neurons in tectum. If such units are visually responsive, their receptive fields generally differ fr ...
... by drugs that block synapses suggesting that it comes from the dendrites of tectal cells where optic fibers make synapses. Microelectrodes may also pick up action potentials indicative of individual neurons in tectum. If such units are visually responsive, their receptive fields generally differ fr ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
PRINCIPLES OF NEUROBIOLOGY CHAPTER 6
... ORN had a particular response to a given odor was determined from the empirically based ORN response distributions. The same process was used to generate simulated PN responses. This process of generating simulated ORN and PN responses is illustrated in Fig. 5a. The rank order of odor preference can ...
... ORN had a particular response to a given odor was determined from the empirically based ORN response distributions. The same process was used to generate simulated PN responses. This process of generating simulated ORN and PN responses is illustrated in Fig. 5a. The rank order of odor preference can ...
Somatosensory cortex functional connectivity
... spatial scale aligns well with the spatial resolution achievable with non-invasive methods. More importantly, it is consistent with the well-known and anatomically traceable functional connections that spread laterally across the nongranular layers within a functionally defined cortical region. These ...
... spatial scale aligns well with the spatial resolution achievable with non-invasive methods. More importantly, it is consistent with the well-known and anatomically traceable functional connections that spread laterally across the nongranular layers within a functionally defined cortical region. These ...
PathoLOGIC Hgh Deficiency and Somatopause
... Regulates the timed-sequential flow of calcium ions through the cell membrane. Calcium ion exchange may determine how memory is encoded by neurons. ...
... Regulates the timed-sequential flow of calcium ions through the cell membrane. Calcium ion exchange may determine how memory is encoded by neurons. ...
Progressive Mitochondrial Compromise in Brains
... (EM), and mtDNA depletion in umbilical cord, cord blood, and peripheral blood, taken from NRTI-exposed but HIV-1– uninfected infants (Divi et al., 2004; Poirier et al., 2003; Shiramizu et al., 2003). In addition, depletion of leukocyte mtDNA in peripheral blood was found to persist in HIV-1– uninfec ...
... (EM), and mtDNA depletion in umbilical cord, cord blood, and peripheral blood, taken from NRTI-exposed but HIV-1– uninfected infants (Divi et al., 2004; Poirier et al., 2003; Shiramizu et al., 2003). In addition, depletion of leukocyte mtDNA in peripheral blood was found to persist in HIV-1– uninfec ...
Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... neurons express D1-family dopamine receptors, while indirect pathway neurons express D2-family receptors [17]. Studies in rodents have also suggested that the direct and indirect pathways receive inputs from distinct groups of cortical neurons [18], but these results are difficult to reconcile with p ...
... neurons express D1-family dopamine receptors, while indirect pathway neurons express D2-family receptors [17]. Studies in rodents have also suggested that the direct and indirect pathways receive inputs from distinct groups of cortical neurons [18], but these results are difficult to reconcile with p ...
UNC-119 suppresses axon branching
... terminated (axons and branches failed to reach the dorsal nerve cord). Finally, we noted if there were supernumerary growth cones extending directly from DD cell bodies. UNC-119 immunocytochemistry To determine where the UNC-119 protein was located, we generated antibodies against UNC-119. The DNA e ...
... terminated (axons and branches failed to reach the dorsal nerve cord). Finally, we noted if there were supernumerary growth cones extending directly from DD cell bodies. UNC-119 immunocytochemistry To determine where the UNC-119 protein was located, we generated antibodies against UNC-119. The DNA e ...
19 CORTICAL PROJECTIONS FROM TWO PRESTRIATE AREAS IN
... In the visual system from retina to cortex the diversity of cell types as judged by their electrophysiological response properties may be explained by the repeated convergence of one group of cells upon another, using both excitatory and inhibitory mechanismsL Such a convergence starts within the la ...
... In the visual system from retina to cortex the diversity of cell types as judged by their electrophysiological response properties may be explained by the repeated convergence of one group of cells upon another, using both excitatory and inhibitory mechanismsL Such a convergence starts within the la ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... possibly because this order exhibits robust oculomotor performance with eye movements comparable with those observed in mammals (Easter 1972; Pastor et al. 1992; Schairer and Bennett 1986). In the goldfish, neurons within the vestibular complex, notably the anterior, descending, and tangential octav ...
... possibly because this order exhibits robust oculomotor performance with eye movements comparable with those observed in mammals (Easter 1972; Pastor et al. 1992; Schairer and Bennett 1986). In the goldfish, neurons within the vestibular complex, notably the anterior, descending, and tangential octav ...
The precision of value-based choices depends causally on
... aking choices based on the value of different options is fundamental for survival in most animal species, including humans1. A large body of research suggests that this cognitive function depends critically on integration of neural activity in several widely distributed brain regions2,3. For instanc ...
... aking choices based on the value of different options is fundamental for survival in most animal species, including humans1. A large body of research suggests that this cognitive function depends critically on integration of neural activity in several widely distributed brain regions2,3. For instanc ...
L1CAM/Neuroglian controls the axon–axon interactions establishing
... or all three subtypes of MB neurons (Fig. 1 A). Interestingly, the majority of NB clones did not show any alteration of axonal projections (Fig. 2, D, E, and J). However, in 20% of these clones, we observed defects including the formation of ball-like structures below the calyx resembling the ph ...
... or all three subtypes of MB neurons (Fig. 1 A). Interestingly, the majority of NB clones did not show any alteration of axonal projections (Fig. 2, D, E, and J). However, in 20% of these clones, we observed defects including the formation of ball-like structures below the calyx resembling the ph ...
Temporal coding in the gustatory system
... communication in nearly all sensory modalities, including the chemical senses. For example, in the olfactory system, it has been shown that organized oscillations in firing patterns of neurons in the central nervous system of moths are not only correlated with olfactory discrimination (MacLeod et al. ...
... communication in nearly all sensory modalities, including the chemical senses. For example, in the olfactory system, it has been shown that organized oscillations in firing patterns of neurons in the central nervous system of moths are not only correlated with olfactory discrimination (MacLeod et al. ...
Neural Networks
... cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This ...
... cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This ...
Neural Networks
... cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This ...
... cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to implement their connetworks (even large ones) being trained text in Snipe. This ...
FALSE-MEMORY CONSTRUCTION: THE EFFECT OF
... a period of time, participants were asked to recall the story as accurately as possible. Bartlett found that participant’s recollections typically contained the key information of the folk-tale, but the specific details of the story were often either missing or incorrect. After further research, he ...
... a period of time, participants were asked to recall the story as accurately as possible. Bartlett found that participant’s recollections typically contained the key information of the folk-tale, but the specific details of the story were often either missing or incorrect. After further research, he ...
fulltext
... UCS), becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that in itself produces the physiological reaction. The process of conditioning was first reported by Ivan Pavlov in 1907 and is sometimes simply called Pavlovian conditioning (Pavlov, 1927). When the UCS involved elicits a physiological fear reaction, the p ...
... UCS), becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that in itself produces the physiological reaction. The process of conditioning was first reported by Ivan Pavlov in 1907 and is sometimes simply called Pavlovian conditioning (Pavlov, 1927). When the UCS involved elicits a physiological fear reaction, the p ...
Memory Processing in Relation to Sleep
... brain plasticity—that is, the capacity of the brain to modify its structure and function over time, within certain boundaries.13 Eventually, time-dependent processes of consolidation and the ensuing robust memory trace will enduringly adjust the behavioral responses to the recent environmental chang ...
... brain plasticity—that is, the capacity of the brain to modify its structure and function over time, within certain boundaries.13 Eventually, time-dependent processes of consolidation and the ensuing robust memory trace will enduringly adjust the behavioral responses to the recent environmental chang ...
Reward and Aversion
... psychological components: liking (pleasure, hedonic reaction to reward), wanting (desire, motivational process of incentive salience), and learning (Berridge & Kringelbach 2015). Dopamine (DA) was once considered almost synonymous with reward, but investigation of exactly which of the above componen ...
... psychological components: liking (pleasure, hedonic reaction to reward), wanting (desire, motivational process of incentive salience), and learning (Berridge & Kringelbach 2015). Dopamine (DA) was once considered almost synonymous with reward, but investigation of exactly which of the above componen ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... received a reward, and this has been quantified in a more recent study (Berlin et al., 2004). The importance of the failure to rapidly learn about the value of stimuli from negative feedback has also been described as a critical difficulty for patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions (Fellows, 200 ...
... received a reward, and this has been quantified in a more recent study (Berlin et al., 2004). The importance of the failure to rapidly learn about the value of stimuli from negative feedback has also been described as a critical difficulty for patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions (Fellows, 200 ...
Comparison of population coherence of place cells in hippocampal
... by distal cues, it is still possible that CA3 is more dominantly influenced by local cues than is CA1 (especially when there is a competition between local and distal cues15). Recordings from the brain structures that send inputs to CA3 and/or CA1 (for example, the entorhinal cortex and the dentate ...
... by distal cues, it is still possible that CA3 is more dominantly influenced by local cues than is CA1 (especially when there is a competition between local and distal cues15). Recordings from the brain structures that send inputs to CA3 and/or CA1 (for example, the entorhinal cortex and the dentate ...