Bio 20 5.3 Rs Notes
... • electrons are passed through an ET system producing a large amount of ATP by chemiosmosis. During this process NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, yielding the H+ ions that are pumped into the mitochondrial intermembrane space producing a concentration gradient, and when released through ATP synthase, pr ...
... • electrons are passed through an ET system producing a large amount of ATP by chemiosmosis. During this process NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, yielding the H+ ions that are pumped into the mitochondrial intermembrane space producing a concentration gradient, and when released through ATP synthase, pr ...
Bioenergetics
... Substrates converted to Acetyl CoA o only molecule that can enter Krebs cycle 2 Processes: Krebs cycle o completes “oxidation” of substrates & produces NADH to enter… Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain Hydrogens & Electrons are removed from NADH (oxidized) o energy in electrons used t ...
... Substrates converted to Acetyl CoA o only molecule that can enter Krebs cycle 2 Processes: Krebs cycle o completes “oxidation” of substrates & produces NADH to enter… Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain Hydrogens & Electrons are removed from NADH (oxidized) o energy in electrons used t ...
H 2
... versions of this page are: a Chime version and a Chemsymphony version. ATP - Nature's Energy Store All living things, plants and animals, require a continual supply of energy in order to function. The energy is used for all the processes which keep the organism alive. Some of these processes occur c ...
... versions of this page are: a Chime version and a Chemsymphony version. ATP - Nature's Energy Store All living things, plants and animals, require a continual supply of energy in order to function. The energy is used for all the processes which keep the organism alive. Some of these processes occur c ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... Step 3: Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate -The enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form α-ketoglutarate and ...
... Step 3: Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate -The enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form α-ketoglutarate and ...
What is metabolism? The sum of all chemical reactions that occur as
... Energy released from the oxidation of the C-C bond is used to generate 4ATP. These can be used for any energetic activity the cell needs to ...
... Energy released from the oxidation of the C-C bond is used to generate 4ATP. These can be used for any energetic activity the cell needs to ...
2.2 cellular respiration: the details
... membrane of mitochondria serves several functions. It divides the mitochondrion into two compartments: the matrix and the intermembrane space. Both of these areas play important roles in energy metabolism. For instance, the matrix is where most of the Krebs cycle reactions take place and the interme ...
... membrane of mitochondria serves several functions. It divides the mitochondrion into two compartments: the matrix and the intermembrane space. Both of these areas play important roles in energy metabolism. For instance, the matrix is where most of the Krebs cycle reactions take place and the interme ...
Chemolithotrophs
... inorganic electron donor for energy and electrons. • Chemolithotrophs: reduced inorganic electron donor for energy and electrons. • Phototrophs: use light energy and an electron donor molecule (H2O, H2S, organic). • Both may be autotrophs: fix CO2 into organic carbon via the Calvin Cycle. ...
... inorganic electron donor for energy and electrons. • Chemolithotrophs: reduced inorganic electron donor for energy and electrons. • Phototrophs: use light energy and an electron donor molecule (H2O, H2S, organic). • Both may be autotrophs: fix CO2 into organic carbon via the Calvin Cycle. ...
Chapter 17
... on the impermeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane. 23. “Uncouple” agents, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonylcyanide-ptrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), bear H+ and diffuse into the matrix. Thus, these uncouple agents reduce the electrochemical potential across the inner mitochondrial ...
... on the impermeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane. 23. “Uncouple” agents, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonylcyanide-ptrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), bear H+ and diffuse into the matrix. Thus, these uncouple agents reduce the electrochemical potential across the inner mitochondrial ...
Formation of pyruvic acid (P
... 6- By stepwise dehydrogenations and loss of two molecules of CO2, accompanied by internal re-arrangements, the citric acid is reconverted to OAA, which again starts the cycle by taking up another acetyl group from acetyl-CoA. ...
... 6- By stepwise dehydrogenations and loss of two molecules of CO2, accompanied by internal re-arrangements, the citric acid is reconverted to OAA, which again starts the cycle by taking up another acetyl group from acetyl-CoA. ...
Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food
... the aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules and an aerobic process that requires oxygen Cellular respiration requires that a cell exchange two gases with its surroundings The cell takes in oxygen in the form of the gas O2 It gets rid of waste in the form of the gas carbon d ...
... the aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules and an aerobic process that requires oxygen Cellular respiration requires that a cell exchange two gases with its surroundings The cell takes in oxygen in the form of the gas O2 It gets rid of waste in the form of the gas carbon d ...
Respiration Eq. for reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------
... - may be derived from photosynthesis and stored starch in plants - may be derived from fats and glycogen in animals Oxygen (O2): product of photosynthesis that is required to oxidize glucose in respiration Carbon dioxide (CO2): waste product from the Krebs cycle stage of respiration Water (H2O): pro ...
... - may be derived from photosynthesis and stored starch in plants - may be derived from fats and glycogen in animals Oxygen (O2): product of photosynthesis that is required to oxidize glucose in respiration Carbon dioxide (CO2): waste product from the Krebs cycle stage of respiration Water (H2O): pro ...
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism Part II
... cycle can start, pyruvic acid (3C) loses one carbon (as CO2) to become acetyl CoA (2C). Acetyl CoA (2C) joins oxaloacetic acid (4C) to form citric acid (6C). Cycle of 8 oxidation-reduction reactions that transfer energy to electron carrier molecules (coenzymes NAD+ and FAD). 2 molecules of car ...
... cycle can start, pyruvic acid (3C) loses one carbon (as CO2) to become acetyl CoA (2C). Acetyl CoA (2C) joins oxaloacetic acid (4C) to form citric acid (6C). Cycle of 8 oxidation-reduction reactions that transfer energy to electron carrier molecules (coenzymes NAD+ and FAD). 2 molecules of car ...
Chapter 9.5 and 9.6
... In addition to calories, food must also provide the carbon skeletons that cells require to make their own molecules The body can use smaller molecules from food directly or use them to build other substances through glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle functi ...
... In addition to calories, food must also provide the carbon skeletons that cells require to make their own molecules The body can use smaller molecules from food directly or use them to build other substances through glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle functi ...
Cell Respiration (Smith 2010-11).
... • Glycolysis produces just 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. • The complete breakdown of glucose, including glycolysis, results in the production of 36 molecules of ATP. ...
... • Glycolysis produces just 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. • The complete breakdown of glucose, including glycolysis, results in the production of 36 molecules of ATP. ...
Cell Respiration
... But why does the NADH from Glycolysis make less ATP per molecule than the NADH from the Kreb’s Cycle during the ETC? ...
... But why does the NADH from Glycolysis make less ATP per molecule than the NADH from the Kreb’s Cycle during the ETC? ...
Presentation Package - faculty.coe.unt.edu
... • One kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 kg of water from 1 °C to 15 °C. ...
... • One kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 kg of water from 1 °C to 15 °C. ...
Repetition Summary of last lecture Energy Cell Respiration
... pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form lactate as a waste product ...
... pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form lactate as a waste product ...
BIOLOGY 311C - Brand Spring 2009
... Before beginning, check to be sure that this exam contains 7 pages (including front and back) numbered consecutively, and that you have been provided with a clean Answer Sheet. Then immediately print your name and UT-EID legibly at the top of this page. Also print and bubble in your name and your UT ...
... Before beginning, check to be sure that this exam contains 7 pages (including front and back) numbered consecutively, and that you have been provided with a clean Answer Sheet. Then immediately print your name and UT-EID legibly at the top of this page. Also print and bubble in your name and your UT ...
Study_Guide_for_Exam_2
... What is photosynthesis? Energy cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, living things must capture energy from other sources. Plants capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy. This energy is stored in glucose and ATP and is essential for the continuation of life on Earth. It donates O2 Ph ...
... What is photosynthesis? Energy cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, living things must capture energy from other sources. Plants capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy. This energy is stored in glucose and ATP and is essential for the continuation of life on Earth. It donates O2 Ph ...
chapter_6_mod_2009
... – Fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol. – Proteins are digested into amino acids. Cells must convert fats and proteins into molecules that can enter and be metabolized by the enzymes of glycolysis or the Kreb’s cycle. ...
... – Fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol. – Proteins are digested into amino acids. Cells must convert fats and proteins into molecules that can enter and be metabolized by the enzymes of glycolysis or the Kreb’s cycle. ...
File
... DNA, RNA & nucleotides- we will be going into more detail with these polymers in the future but you must know their basic structure and function now 30. What molecules make up the DNA backbone? Are they the same in RNA? 31. What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? 32. Which nitrogen bases are comp ...
... DNA, RNA & nucleotides- we will be going into more detail with these polymers in the future but you must know their basic structure and function now 30. What molecules make up the DNA backbone? Are they the same in RNA? 31. What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? 32. Which nitrogen bases are comp ...
Hughes respiration homework (2)
... Our bodies digest the food we eat by mixing it with fluids (acids and enzymes) in the stomach. When the stomach digests food, the carbohydrate (sugars and starches) in the food breaks down into another type of sugar, called glucose. Glucose has energy stored in its chemical bonds,these bonds are bro ...
... Our bodies digest the food we eat by mixing it with fluids (acids and enzymes) in the stomach. When the stomach digests food, the carbohydrate (sugars and starches) in the food breaks down into another type of sugar, called glucose. Glucose has energy stored in its chemical bonds,these bonds are bro ...
Model 2 – Amylase Rate of Reaction
... ATP is synthesized in two ways: • Substrate-level phosphorylation—Energy released during a reaction, such as the breakdown of sugar molecules, is used directly to synthesize ATP. A small amount of energy is generated through this process. •Electron transfer (oxidative phosphorylation)—Energy from th ...
... ATP is synthesized in two ways: • Substrate-level phosphorylation—Energy released during a reaction, such as the breakdown of sugar molecules, is used directly to synthesize ATP. A small amount of energy is generated through this process. •Electron transfer (oxidative phosphorylation)—Energy from th ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.