Bioenergetics: How energy is utilized in living organisms
... Energy put in to get going (phosphorylation) Enzymes needed throughout H+ ions pulled off substrate (oxidation) (picked up by NAD) o Good – have energy in them Bad – if can’t use them, they turn pyruvate into lactic acid Lactic acid lowers pH; effect on enzymes??? Small amount of ATP is formed but v ...
... Energy put in to get going (phosphorylation) Enzymes needed throughout H+ ions pulled off substrate (oxidation) (picked up by NAD) o Good – have energy in them Bad – if can’t use them, they turn pyruvate into lactic acid Lactic acid lowers pH; effect on enzymes??? Small amount of ATP is formed but v ...
160 GLUCOSE DECREASES DURING AMINO ACID
... and then separated from the medium and quenched by centrifugation through silicone oil into perchloric acid. The radioactive compounds in the mitochondria were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. In the presence of 2 !.IM ado, 6 mM pyruvate and 2 mM malate, ado was incorporated into mitochondrial ...
... and then separated from the medium and quenched by centrifugation through silicone oil into perchloric acid. The radioactive compounds in the mitochondria were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. In the presence of 2 !.IM ado, 6 mM pyruvate and 2 mM malate, ado was incorporated into mitochondrial ...
design of energy metabolism
... 1. Main pathway in Vertebrates = Glycolysis (catabolism of carbohydrates) a) ATP production by glycolysis begins rapidly after initiation of activity or exposure to hypoxia/anoxia. Begins after stores of phosphagens (ATP, creatine phosphate, arginine phosphate – cephalopods) are depleted. b) Rapid p ...
... 1. Main pathway in Vertebrates = Glycolysis (catabolism of carbohydrates) a) ATP production by glycolysis begins rapidly after initiation of activity or exposure to hypoxia/anoxia. Begins after stores of phosphagens (ATP, creatine phosphate, arginine phosphate – cephalopods) are depleted. b) Rapid p ...
PowerPoint
... – Produces: NADH and FADH2, CO2 and 2 ATP molecules • Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more ATP in the ETC) ...
... – Produces: NADH and FADH2, CO2 and 2 ATP molecules • Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more ATP in the ETC) ...
Photosynthesis
... – Produces: NADH and FADH2, CO2 and 2 ATP molecules • Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more ATP in the ETC) ...
... – Produces: NADH and FADH2, CO2 and 2 ATP molecules • Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more ATP in the ETC) ...
the calvin cycle
... and C4 plants open their stomata during the day. 4. Increasing the temperature initially accelerates the various chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis. At higher temperatures, many of the enzymes that catalyze these reactions become ineffective, and the stomata begin to close. 5. The stomata ...
... and C4 plants open their stomata during the day. 4. Increasing the temperature initially accelerates the various chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis. At higher temperatures, many of the enzymes that catalyze these reactions become ineffective, and the stomata begin to close. 5. The stomata ...
Chapter 27 Bioenergetics: How the Body Converts Food to Energy
... 27.42 Hydrogen ions and electrons are separated at three points in the electron transport chain. At Complexes I, III, and IV, protons are pumped across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space as electrons are transported from carrier to carrier and finally to oxygen (Figure 27.10). T ...
... 27.42 Hydrogen ions and electrons are separated at three points in the electron transport chain. At Complexes I, III, and IV, protons are pumped across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space as electrons are transported from carrier to carrier and finally to oxygen (Figure 27.10). T ...
Must-Knows: Unit 4 (Cellular Respiration) Ms. Ottolini, AP Biology
... Objective #2: You will be able to describe the role of glycolysis, the formation of Acetyl CoA, and the Krebs Cycle in cellular respiration. 1. What evidence do scientists have to indicate that glycolysis is an ancient process? Glycolysis is found in all living organisms. It does not require oxygen, ...
... Objective #2: You will be able to describe the role of glycolysis, the formation of Acetyl CoA, and the Krebs Cycle in cellular respiration. 1. What evidence do scientists have to indicate that glycolysis is an ancient process? Glycolysis is found in all living organisms. It does not require oxygen, ...
Chapter 4 The Importance of High
... -energy Æ heat or chemical bonds in coupled reactions, useful when coupled or useless (소용없는) when not coupled -coupled reaction is achieved by two or more successive (연속적인) reactions Æ group transfer reaction, in which always involves molecular exchange (교환) of functional groups (A-X) + (B-Y) Æ (A-B ...
... -energy Æ heat or chemical bonds in coupled reactions, useful when coupled or useless (소용없는) when not coupled -coupled reaction is achieved by two or more successive (연속적인) reactions Æ group transfer reaction, in which always involves molecular exchange (교환) of functional groups (A-X) + (B-Y) Æ (A-B ...
Chapter 4 The Importance of High
... -CO 2 Æ glucose in plant: need input of light energy Æ results in the formation of ATP -even a weak covalent bond is very strong Æ need energy supply to break Æ achieve (달성하다) activation state -activation energy is usually less than the original bond energy, because molecular rearrangements do not i ...
... -CO 2 Æ glucose in plant: need input of light energy Æ results in the formation of ATP -even a weak covalent bond is very strong Æ need energy supply to break Æ achieve (달성하다) activation state -activation energy is usually less than the original bond energy, because molecular rearrangements do not i ...
Bioluminescence
... appears in a sample of any substance, it indicates contamination by an organism. For example, the manufactures of Coca-Cola use firefly luciferin and luciferase to detect bacteria in syrups used to produce the beverages. Contaminated syrups glow in the presence of luciferin and luciferase because th ...
... appears in a sample of any substance, it indicates contamination by an organism. For example, the manufactures of Coca-Cola use firefly luciferin and luciferase to detect bacteria in syrups used to produce the beverages. Contaminated syrups glow in the presence of luciferin and luciferase because th ...
File - Principles of Biology 103
... 9. In the breakdown of glucose, the compound formed after two phosphorylation reactions is split into two three-carbon compounds. The three-carbon compound is named: A. PGAL B. Acetyl CoA C. Lactate D. Acetaldehyde E. Pyruvate 10. Pyruvate can be regarded as the end product of: A. Electron transport ...
... 9. In the breakdown of glucose, the compound formed after two phosphorylation reactions is split into two three-carbon compounds. The three-carbon compound is named: A. PGAL B. Acetyl CoA C. Lactate D. Acetaldehyde E. Pyruvate 10. Pyruvate can be regarded as the end product of: A. Electron transport ...
Bioluminescence
... see bioluminescent squid by the hundreds. Bioluminescence is not the same as "fluorescence". In fluorescence, energy from a source of UV light is absorbed and reëmitted as another photon. In bioluminescence the excitation energy is supplied by a chemical reaction rather than from a source of light. ...
... see bioluminescent squid by the hundreds. Bioluminescence is not the same as "fluorescence". In fluorescence, energy from a source of UV light is absorbed and reëmitted as another photon. In bioluminescence the excitation energy is supplied by a chemical reaction rather than from a source of light. ...
Chapter 7
... on or off. Please note: once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the white background before you advance the next slide. ...
... on or off. Please note: once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the white background before you advance the next slide. ...
Notes
... In the cytoplasm of a cell, the process of glycolysis breaks up __________________ into two molecules of pyruvate. You also get two____________ and free up two ______________ that are picked up by a carrier. The second part oxidates pyruvate inside the mitochondria. Each pyruvate loses a ___________ ...
... In the cytoplasm of a cell, the process of glycolysis breaks up __________________ into two molecules of pyruvate. You also get two____________ and free up two ______________ that are picked up by a carrier. The second part oxidates pyruvate inside the mitochondria. Each pyruvate loses a ___________ ...
Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Systems
... No oxygen is required. Energy is released very rapidly (as almost no reactions take place) and there are no waste products. Stores only last for 5-8s of high intensity exercise. It is therefore excellent for very high short intensity activities (e.g. 100m sprint) but not for anything longer. PC can ...
... No oxygen is required. Energy is released very rapidly (as almost no reactions take place) and there are no waste products. Stores only last for 5-8s of high intensity exercise. It is therefore excellent for very high short intensity activities (e.g. 100m sprint) but not for anything longer. PC can ...
Cellular respiration - how cells make energy
... - each pyruvic acid molecule is converted into a molecule of acetyl CoA - in the process CO2 is made, and another molecule of NAD+ is converted to NADH. - (remember that there are two molecules of pyruvic acid for every molecule of glucose). - Step 2: Krebs cycle [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.9A, p. 96 / 4th: 6 ...
... - each pyruvic acid molecule is converted into a molecule of acetyl CoA - in the process CO2 is made, and another molecule of NAD+ is converted to NADH. - (remember that there are two molecules of pyruvic acid for every molecule of glucose). - Step 2: Krebs cycle [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.9A, p. 96 / 4th: 6 ...
Section 5 - anabolism. the process by which molecules are
... 1. energy is neither created nor destroyed, but transformed from one form to another. 2. in any isolated system, the degree of entropy can only increase. - biological order and the increase thereof is possible because of the release of heat energy from cells. the increase of biological order is comp ...
... 1. energy is neither created nor destroyed, but transformed from one form to another. 2. in any isolated system, the degree of entropy can only increase. - biological order and the increase thereof is possible because of the release of heat energy from cells. the increase of biological order is comp ...
A: Objective type questions: Choose the correct answers Most
... Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits b. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates c. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits d. Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates e. ATP ...
... Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits b. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates c. High ATP stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits d. Low ATP stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates e. ATP ...
University of - Biochemistry at the University of Maryland, College Park
... ΔG′° = −RT ln(270) = −13.84 kJ/mol ΔG′° = −RT ln(890) = −16.79 kJ/mol ΔG′° for ATP hydrolysis is their sum = −13.84 + −16.79 = −30.6 kJ/mol K′ eq for ATP hydrolysis = exp(−ΔG′°/RT) = 2.4 × 105 ...
... ΔG′° = −RT ln(270) = −13.84 kJ/mol ΔG′° = −RT ln(890) = −16.79 kJ/mol ΔG′° for ATP hydrolysis is their sum = −13.84 + −16.79 = −30.6 kJ/mol K′ eq for ATP hydrolysis = exp(−ΔG′°/RT) = 2.4 × 105 ...
NAME Chapter 9 VOCAB Cellular Respiration pp 220
... process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen FERMENTATION – process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN – series of proteins in which high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ...
... process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen FERMENTATION – process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN – series of proteins in which high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ...
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP)
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) – energy rich molecule which will be shuttled to the ETC & undergo oxidative phosphorylation to yield more (Think: Disney dollars - can only get this energy converted to ATP at the ETC) ...
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) – energy rich molecule which will be shuttled to the ETC & undergo oxidative phosphorylation to yield more (Think: Disney dollars - can only get this energy converted to ATP at the ETC) ...
Cellular Respiration
... breaking down the rest. The sugar will be broken down to ultimately form CO2 by aerobic respiration. The H atoms found in the sucrose molecules will unite with O gas to produce H2O. Most of the water produced will be eliminated by breathing and urination. However, some sugar wil be retained in the c ...
... breaking down the rest. The sugar will be broken down to ultimately form CO2 by aerobic respiration. The H atoms found in the sucrose molecules will unite with O gas to produce H2O. Most of the water produced will be eliminated by breathing and urination. However, some sugar wil be retained in the c ...
Chapter 9: Fermentation
... •Both use NAD+ as an electron acceptor. •In fermentation, the electrons of NADH are passed to an organic molecule, regenerating NAD+. • In respiration, the electrons of NADH are ultimately passed to O2, generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. •In addition, even more ATP is generated from the o ...
... •Both use NAD+ as an electron acceptor. •In fermentation, the electrons of NADH are passed to an organic molecule, regenerating NAD+. • In respiration, the electrons of NADH are ultimately passed to O2, generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. •In addition, even more ATP is generated from the o ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.