生物化學小考(一) 範圍ch1~ch4
... (E)Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate does not form because glycolysis does not occur. 9. Which of the following compounds cannot serve as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis? (A) acetate (B) glycerol (C) lactate (D) oxaloacetate (E) α-ketoglutarate 10. Which of t ...
... (E)Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate does not form because glycolysis does not occur. 9. Which of the following compounds cannot serve as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis? (A) acetate (B) glycerol (C) lactate (D) oxaloacetate (E) α-ketoglutarate 10. Which of t ...
Slide 1
... To used the energy banked in NADH and FADH2 The cell must shuttle their electrons to the Electron Transport Chain Where energy from the oxidation of organic fuel will power the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP ...
... To used the energy banked in NADH and FADH2 The cell must shuttle their electrons to the Electron Transport Chain Where energy from the oxidation of organic fuel will power the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP ...
Cellular Respiration Review
... What are the four stages of cellular respiration? Where does each stage of cellular respiration occur? What is the big idea of stage one (glycolysis) of cellular respiration? What are the number and type of input molecules for glycolysis? What molecule gets reduced during glycolysis? What molecule g ...
... What are the four stages of cellular respiration? Where does each stage of cellular respiration occur? What is the big idea of stage one (glycolysis) of cellular respiration? What are the number and type of input molecules for glycolysis? What molecule gets reduced during glycolysis? What molecule g ...
Energy For Muscular Activity - South Carleton HS Physical
... a) working muscles have sufficient mitochondria to meet energy requirements b) sufficient oxygen is supplied to the mitochondria c) enzymes or intermediate products do not limit the Kreb’s cycle ...
... a) working muscles have sufficient mitochondria to meet energy requirements b) sufficient oxygen is supplied to the mitochondria c) enzymes or intermediate products do not limit the Kreb’s cycle ...
oxidation
... – involves electrons carried by NADH and FADH2, – shuttles these electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, – involves chemiosmosis, and – generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation associated with chemiosmosis. ...
... – involves electrons carried by NADH and FADH2, – shuttles these electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, – involves chemiosmosis, and – generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation associated with chemiosmosis. ...
Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
... • Anabolic pathways use intermediate components of respiratory metabolism to synthesize fats, amino acids, and other essential building blocks for cellular structure and function. ...
... • Anabolic pathways use intermediate components of respiratory metabolism to synthesize fats, amino acids, and other essential building blocks for cellular structure and function. ...
October 17 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... B) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. C) NAD+ is reduced by the action of hydrogenases. D) NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. E) In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function. ...
... B) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. C) NAD+ is reduced by the action of hydrogenases. D) NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. E) In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function. ...
Document
... In animals and bacteria the extra step converts pyruvate to lactate (or lactic acid). This is a reduction, so NADH is used and NAD is regenerated, to be used in glycolysis. The reaction is reversible, so the energy remaining in the lactate molecule can be retrieved when oxygen becomes available and ...
... In animals and bacteria the extra step converts pyruvate to lactate (or lactic acid). This is a reduction, so NADH is used and NAD is regenerated, to be used in glycolysis. The reaction is reversible, so the energy remaining in the lactate molecule can be retrieved when oxygen becomes available and ...
Friday Calvin Cycle How you will always remember… Rubisco
... • 10 step process to produce ATP, NADH, and pyruvate ...
... • 10 step process to produce ATP, NADH, and pyruvate ...
CHAPTER 8 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... 2. The cristae are the inner folds of membrane that jut into the matrix. 3. The matrix is the innermost compartment of a mitochondrion and is filled with a gel-like fluid. 4. The transition reaction and citric acid cycle enzymes are in matrix; the electron transport system is in cristae. 5. Most of ...
... 2. The cristae are the inner folds of membrane that jut into the matrix. 3. The matrix is the innermost compartment of a mitochondrion and is filled with a gel-like fluid. 4. The transition reaction and citric acid cycle enzymes are in matrix; the electron transport system is in cristae. 5. Most of ...
Chemical Energy and ATP
... sugar. Does food, which contains sugar and other carbon-based molecules, give you energy? The answer to this question is yes and no. All of the carbonbased molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Carbohydrates and lipids are the most important energy sources in foods you eat. However ...
... sugar. Does food, which contains sugar and other carbon-based molecules, give you energy? The answer to this question is yes and no. All of the carbonbased molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Carbohydrates and lipids are the most important energy sources in foods you eat. However ...
Cellular Respiration #2
... The net gain of two ATP molecules from glycolysis accounts for only 5% of the energy that a cell can harvest from a glucose molecule. The two NADH molecules generated account for another 16%, but their stored energy is not available for use in the absence of O2. Some organisms (yeast, bacteria, etc. ...
... The net gain of two ATP molecules from glycolysis accounts for only 5% of the energy that a cell can harvest from a glucose molecule. The two NADH molecules generated account for another 16%, but their stored energy is not available for use in the absence of O2. Some organisms (yeast, bacteria, etc. ...
Modern Biology: Chapter 3
... • Compounds store energy in chemical bonds • Certain ones’ overall structure stores energy – ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) – NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) – NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ...
... • Compounds store energy in chemical bonds • Certain ones’ overall structure stores energy – ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) – NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) – NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ...
coupling membrane
... NADH and succinate) in citric acid cycle 4) the oxidation of reduced cofactors by oxygen forming water and releasing energy (respiratory electron transfer) ...
... NADH and succinate) in citric acid cycle 4) the oxidation of reduced cofactors by oxygen forming water and releasing energy (respiratory electron transfer) ...
Lecture 29
... See page 9 handout 4a, for a cartoon of interactions between hydrophobic amino acids and binding site on DNAK GrpE- nucleotide exchange factor, this protein catalyzes ADP dissociation, which is followed by ATP binding. The concentration of GrpE is 1/3 that of DNAk. Working Model See page 9 handout 4 ...
... See page 9 handout 4a, for a cartoon of interactions between hydrophobic amino acids and binding site on DNAK GrpE- nucleotide exchange factor, this protein catalyzes ADP dissociation, which is followed by ATP binding. The concentration of GrpE is 1/3 that of DNAk. Working Model See page 9 handout 4 ...
Cellular Respiration - Kania´s Science Page
... A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second ...
... A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second ...
Metabolic Pathways - University of California, Santa Barbara
... 4. List and describe the four stages of catabolism: ...
... 4. List and describe the four stages of catabolism: ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... The reduced co-reactant can also pass on the electrons, through a series of redox carriers (the ‘terminal respiratory system’; TRS), until, eventually, they combine with O2 deliberately taken into the cell, to form H2O. The citric acid cycle, in which much of the reduction of NAD+ and FAD occurs, is ...
... The reduced co-reactant can also pass on the electrons, through a series of redox carriers (the ‘terminal respiratory system’; TRS), until, eventually, they combine with O2 deliberately taken into the cell, to form H2O. The citric acid cycle, in which much of the reduction of NAD+ and FAD occurs, is ...
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... • The Electron Transport Chain is a series of proteins in the thylakoid membrane • As the electrons are transferred from one protein to another, some energy is released which – helps join ADP and Phosphate to form ATP – Pump hydrogen ions into the center of the thylakoid disk to join H+ and NADP+ fo ...
... • The Electron Transport Chain is a series of proteins in the thylakoid membrane • As the electrons are transferred from one protein to another, some energy is released which – helps join ADP and Phosphate to form ATP – Pump hydrogen ions into the center of the thylakoid disk to join H+ and NADP+ fo ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.